{"id":141009,"date":"2024-11-04T23:12:27","date_gmt":"2024-11-04T17:42:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=141009"},"modified":"2024-11-06T12:28:48","modified_gmt":"2024-11-06T06:58:48","slug":"remote-sensing-system-lidar","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/remote-sensing-system-lidar","title":{"rendered":"Remote Sensing System LiDAR"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Researchers have identified a previously unknown<\/span><b> Mayan city <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hidden within Mexico\u2019s dense jungle using <\/span><b>LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">technology.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Mayan civilization<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This civilization was a Mesoamerican culture.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Known for:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ancient temples, glyphs (written script), sophisticated art, architecture, mathematics, and astronomical systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geography: It covered areas including <\/span><b>southeastern Mexico and northern Central America.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Art and Architecture<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Cultural Sophistication: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They created art using materials like wood, jade, obsidian, ceramics, and stone for sculptures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Building Types:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Architecture included pyramid-temples, palaces, and ceremonial ball courts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Political Structure<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The king acted as a link between god and people.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was usually selected from the patrilineal line.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This technology enabled them to bypass thick vegetation and locate the ancient city.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is now named Valeriana, in Mexico\u2019s Campeche region.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The city features pyramids, plazas, a ballcourt, and a reservoir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-141333 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/61-672b102ca1afe.webp\" alt=\"LiDAR\" width=\"355\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/61-672b102ca1afe.webp 482w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/61-672b102ca1afe-300x225.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><b>What is remote sensing technology?<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a process in which physical characteristics of an area are detected and monitored.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is done through the measurement of reflected and emitted radiation at a distance typically from a satellite.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"2\">\n<h3><b>Special cameras capture remotely sensed images.<\/b><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It helps researchers in sensing things about the earth.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>What is LiDAR?<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LiDAR refers to <\/span><b>Light Detection and Ranging.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-141334 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/62-672b102bb8211.webp\" alt=\"LiDAR\" width=\"356\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/62-672b102bb8211.webp 371w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/62-672b102bb8211-247x300.webp 247w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\" \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a<\/span><b> remote sensing technology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that uses laser pulses to measure distances between a sensor and the Earth\u2019s surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By analyzing the reflected light, LiDAR creates detailed 3D maps of the terrain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Types of LiDAR\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Topographic:\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It maps earth surface and captures land features above water.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Bathymetric: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This lidar measures underwater and maps the seafloor.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>How does LiDAR Work?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Components:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> LiDAR technology includes a <\/span><b>laser, scanner, and GPS receiver.<\/b><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><b>Process:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laser pulses hit surfaces such as vegetation, buildings, or land features.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The reflected light is recorded, and two-way travel time of each pulse is measured.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GPS and Inertial Measurement System (IMS) data are combined to determine distances and generate elevation maps.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-141335 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/63-672b102b47808.webp\" alt=\"LiDAR\" width=\"409\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/63-672b102b47808.webp 821w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/63-672b102b47808-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/63-672b102b47808-768x432.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px\" \/><b>Point Cloud Data:<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The collected data appears as a point cloud that records reflections from various surfaces.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists analyze these reflections to identify different features (e.g., vegetation vs. buildings).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Digital E<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">levation Model:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Data can be refined to produce a \u201cbare earth\u201d model, which removes trees and structures, showing only ground elevation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3><b>LiDAR\u2019s Importance in Archaeology<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rapid Survey of Large Areas: L<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">iDAR can quickly scan vast areas, uncovering hidden structures and features.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Penetrating Dense Vegetation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can see through dense vegetation, revealing archaeological sites that would otherwise be obscured.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>High-Resolution Mapping: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LiDAR provides detailed 3D maps\u00a0 which allow for precise analysis of ancient settlements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These maps are\u00a0 valuable for geographers, conservationists, and engineers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Non-Invasive Exploration: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It minimizes damage to archaeological sites, preserving them for future study.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>High Efficiency: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike traditional methods, which involve labor-intensive exploration, LiDAR allows scientists to analyze vast areas quickly from labs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Challenges of LiDAR Systems<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>Despite its many benefits, LiDAR technology faces some challenges:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Isolating the Signal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> LiDAR systems need to distinguish the weak reflected signal from the much stronger outgoing laser beam.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This ensures the sensor accurately detects targets and avoids being overwhelmed by its own light.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Atmospheric Interference: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dust, fog, and other airborne particles can create false readings by reflecting the laser beam before it reaches its intended target.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Power Limitations: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stronger laser beams provide more accurate data but require more power and are more expensive to operate.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Safety Concerns: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High-powered lasers can be dangerous to human eyes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Device Crosstalk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Signals from nearby LiDAR devices can interfere with each other.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cost and Maintenance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> LiDAR systems can be expensive compared to other sensors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Unintended Object Returns: LiDAR might pick up reflections from unwanted objects like birds or flying debris.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Applications of LiDAR Technology<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Atmospheric Sciences: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Used to study atmospheric particles, wind patterns, clouds, and weather profiles.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Astronomy: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LiDAR helps measure distances to distant objects like the Moon with high precision and creates guide stars for telescopes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Automobile Industry: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LiDAR is a key sensor in self-driving vehicles, working alongside cameras and radar to detect objects in the environment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Topographic and Bathymetric Mapping: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Topographic LiDAR uses infrared to map land, while bathymetric LiDAR uses green light to map underwater features like riverbeds and seafloors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Agriculture: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Helps map land topology, monitor crop growth, and assess needs for fertilizers and irrigation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Archaeology: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enables mapping of ancient structures under dense vegetation, such as old roadways and ruins.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Environmental and Coastal Management: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supports flood modeling, shoreline mapping, emergency response, and vulnerability assessments for coastal areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Consumer Electronics: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Miniature LiDAR is now used in mobile phones, enhancing 3D scanning and augmented reality applications.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.043%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 130.811%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Must 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technology.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":141059,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[2089],"subject":[2092],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/141009"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=141009"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/141009\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":141346,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/141009\/revisions\/141346"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/141059"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=141009"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=141009"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=141009"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=141009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}