{"id":142016,"date":"2024-11-09T20:36:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-09T15:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=142016"},"modified":"2024-11-11T18:11:30","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T12:41:30","slug":"sc-verdict-on-amu-minority-tag","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/sc-verdict-on-amu-minority-tag","title":{"rendered":"SC Overrules 1967 Verdict On AMU Minority Tag"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A seven-judge Bench of the Supreme Court laid down in a<\/span><b> 4-3 majority verdict<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a <\/span><b>\u201cholistic and realistic\u201d test<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to determine the <\/span><b>\u201cminority character\u201d of an educational institution <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that would <\/span><b>ensure special protections under Article 30.<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This landmark judgement <\/span><b>addresses longstanding debates<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surrounding <\/span><b>AMU\u2019s establishment, purpose, and the rights of minorities to administer educational institutions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Supreme Court Revisits AMU\u2019s Minority Status, Final Decision Deferred<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Challenge by the Petitioners: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The petitioners had <\/span><b>challenged the five-judge Bench <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">judgement in the <\/span><b>1967 case of S. Azeez Basha versus Union of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which had held that <\/span><b>AMU was a Central university and cannot be considered a minority institution.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Supreme Court Ruling: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Supreme Court has<\/span><b> overruled<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> its<\/span><b> 1967 Azeez Basha ruling <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and stated that <\/span><b>an institution&#8217;s establishment by statute doesn&#8217;t negate its minority status.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Final Determination of AMU&#8217;s Minority Status Deferred:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The final determination on AMU\u2019s minority status is <\/span><b>deferred to a separate Bench.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The question of whether AMU is a minority educational institution must be decided based on the principles laid down in this judgement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.1943%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Timeline and Background of Aligarh Muslim University\u2019s (AMU) Case<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>1877:<\/b> <b>Syed Ahmad Khan <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">establishes <\/span><b>Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for uplifting\u00a0 Muslims.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>1920: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> MAO College becomes AMU <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">after the <\/span><b>AMU Act is enacted.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>1950:<\/b> <b>Parliament<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> declares<\/span><b> AMU<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> an<\/span><b> institution of national importance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Constitution recognises <\/span><b>\u201cinstitution of national importance (INI)\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under <\/span><b>Entry 63 of the Union List.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Union government grants the status of INI to premier higher educational institutions in India through <\/span><b>an act of Parliament.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>1967:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The <\/span><b>Supreme Court <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in <\/span><b>S. Azeez Basha v Union of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> held that<\/span><b> AMU is not a minority institution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as it <\/span><b>was neither established nor administered by the Muslim minority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It came into existence through an Act of the central legislature and <\/span><b>did not, therefore, qualify as a minority institution under Article 30 of the Constitution.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>1981:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The government amended the AMU Act, 1920, to say that the <\/span><b>institution was established by the Muslim community to promote the cultural and educational advancement of Muslims in India.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>2005: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AMU introduces 50% reservation for Muslim students in postgraduate medical courses.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>2006: Allahabad High Court<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> struck down the 1981 amendment and AMU\u2019s 50% reservation for Muslim students, stating <\/span><b>AMU was not a minority institution under the Azeez Basha precedent.<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>This judgement was challenged at the Supreme Court.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>2019: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Three-judge SC Bench refers the issue to a<\/span><b> seven-judge Bench.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Minority Educational Institutions (MEI)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Definition: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cMinority Educational Institution\u201d means a <\/span><b>college or an educational institution established and administered by a minority or minorities.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provides for <\/span><b>all linguistic and religious minorities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a <\/span><b>fundamental right<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to <\/span><b>establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.5984%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>The term \u201cMinority\u201d is not defined in the Indian Constitution.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the<\/span><b> Constitution recognises religious and linguistic minorities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Central Government has<\/span><b> notified six religious minority communities viz. Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist, Parsi and Jain.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Enactment of the NCMEI Act:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (NCMEI) Act has been enacted to <\/span><b>safeguard the educational rights of the minorities enshrined in Article 30(1) of the Constitution.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Commission is a<\/span><b> quasi judicial body <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with powers of a <\/span><b>Civil Court.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has three main roles namely <\/span><b>adjudicatory, advisory and recommendatory.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has both<\/span><b> original as well as appellate jurisdiction.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Commission has the <\/span><b>power to cancel the minority status <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of an educational institution granted by an Authority or Commission, on grounds laid down in the Act.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Protections for Minority Educational Institutions (MEIs):<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Exemptions under Article 15(5): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MEIs are exempt from <\/span><b>providing reservations for SCs and STs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Administration Rights: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minority status also allows educational institutions to exercise <\/span><b>greater control over their day-to-day administration <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from student admissions (they can reserve up to <\/span><b>50% seats for minority students<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) to the hiring of teaching and non-teaching staff.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Core Essentials of Minority Character Under Article 30(1)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The majority decision of the Supreme Court listed out the <\/span><b>\u201ccore essentials\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of minority character under <\/span><b>Article 30(1).<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Purpose of Establishment: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The primary goal of a minority institution should be to preserve the language and culture of the minority group.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However,<\/span><b> this does not need to be the institution&#8217;s sole purpose.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Admission of Non-Minority Students: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A minority institution retains its minority character <\/span><b>even if it admits students from non-minority communities.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Secular Education: Secular education can be imparted at a minority institution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> without affecting its minority character.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Religious Instruction in Government-Aided Institutions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a minority institution<\/span><b> has received aid from the government,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> no student can be forced to participate in religious instruction;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the institution is fully maintained out of state funds, it cannot provide religious instruction.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However <\/span><b>these institutions must still be considered minority institutions.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>National Importance vs. Minority Status<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The judgement clarified that <\/span><b>institutions recognised as nationally significant<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under <\/span><b>Entry 63 of the Union List<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can simultaneously hold minority status.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chief Justice argued that <\/span><b>national significance and minority rights are not mutually exclusive.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Dissenting Opinions<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dissenting judges argued that <\/span><b>AMU\u2019s recognition as an institution of national importance undermined its minority character.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They also questioned the procedural validity of the 1981 referral by a two-judge bench, expressing concern about procedural overreach in the referral process.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Test laid down by Supreme Court To Determine The Minority Character Of An Institution<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Supreme Court<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> established a <\/span><b>&#8220;holistic and realistic&#8221; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">test based on <\/span><b>two primary criteria: Establishment and Administration.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Broader Interpretation of \u201cEstablished\u201d:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The ruling clarified that the term &#8220;established&#8221; should be interpreted broadly, meaning <\/span><b>an institution can retain its minority status even if it is governed by a statutory body or has experienced changes in its legal status over time.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Establishment Criteria:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Genesis of the Institution: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Courts should examine the <\/span><b>origin, purpose, and implementation of the idea <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for establishing the institution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Criteria for Identifying Founders: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To establish who founded an institution, courts should:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trace the institution\u2019s<\/span><b> conceptual origin.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify the <\/span><b>&#8220;brain behind&#8221; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">its establishment, based on letters, communications, and government correspondence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proof should indicate<\/span><b> involvement of a minority individual or group.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Predominant Purpose: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The institution should primarily aim to<\/span><b> benefit the minority community<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, even if it is not the sole purpose.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is not necessary that <\/span><b>education must be provided in the language spoken by the minority or in the religion of the minority.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Evidence of Minority Establishment: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Private communications, speeches, and documents <\/span><b>demonstrating the need for an institution <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for the minority community<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>recognition of the \u201ceducational difficulties\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> faced by the communities in question.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Implementation Details: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Factors like<\/span><b> funding sources, land acquisition, and foundational decisions <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">should reflect minority community contributions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Administration Criteria<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Administration by Minority Not Mandatory: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The court held that the<\/span><b> administration of an educational institution does not need to be handled by the minority community<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was a matter of \u2018<\/span><b>choice\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for such an institution and it is not compelled to appoint persons from the minority community for day to day administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Courts can look at the <\/span><b>administrative set-up of the institution.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the<\/span><b> administration does not seem to \u201cprotect and promote the interests of the minority\u201d,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> it could be <\/span><b>\u201creasonably inferred <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that the <\/span><b>purpose was not to establish an educational institution for the benefit of the minority community\u201d.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Historical Administration Practices: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For institutions that were <\/span><b>established before the Constitution came into force <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(like AMU), the majority held that courts must look at how the administration worked \u201con the date of the commencement of the Constitution\u201d <\/span><b>(January 26, 1950)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and whether any <\/span><b>\u201cregulatory measures\u201d were used to \u201cwrest\u201d control from the founders.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6988%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Centre\u2019s\u00a0 Argument Against Aligarh Muslim University&#8217;s (AMU) Minority Status\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Origin and Purpose of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The <\/span><b>\u201cprincipal\u201d aim <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">behind the creation of MAO was the<\/span><b> \u201cpromotion of Western Arts and Sciences and not just religious study\u201d.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Implementation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Persons from all walks of life\u201d contributed to establishing MAO.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even when the idea of a university in Aligarh was floated in 1911, <\/span><b>the imperial government was clear that they would retain control.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Control Under the AMU Act: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Centre highlighted<\/span><b> Sections 13 and 14 of the AMU Act, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">arguing that t<\/span><b>hese provisions gave extensive control to authorities outside of the Muslim community<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They cited <\/span><b>amendments made to the Act in 1951<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which <\/span><b>removed mandatory religious instruction and all-Muslim representation in the university&#8217;s governing body (&#8220;Court&#8221;)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, to bring the Aligarh Muslim University Act, 1920 in conformity with the constitutional provisions.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Impact of Recognising AMU as a Minority Institution:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Recognizing AMU as a minority institution could <\/span><b>alter its administration and admission processes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, potentially<\/span><b> distancing it from other national institutions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">The Centre emphasised that AMU should maintain its secular roots and serve the national interest.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books\/upsc-textbooks?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+Textbooks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Implications of the Supreme Court Ruling<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Reinforcement of Minority Rights: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ruling strengthens the <\/span><b>constitutional protections under Article 30 for minority educational institutions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>New Framework for Assessing Minority Status: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Court established a <\/span><b>&#8220;holistic and realistic&#8221; test<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to determine the minority character of an institution.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It looks at the institution\u2019s origin, its purpose at formation, and how it was administered, especially on January 26, 1950, the date the Constitution came into effect.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Impact on AMU\u2019s Minority Status: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ruling <\/span><b>clears the way for AMU to be recognised as a minority institution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, confirming that it was originally established to serve the educational needs of the Muslim community.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With this Minority Status, <\/span><b>the university can provide up to 50% reservation for Muslim students.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It need <\/span><b>not adhere to general reservation policies applicable to Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC), economically weaker sections (EWS) under Article 15(5) of the Constitution.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AMU will have <\/span><b>greater autonomy in managing its affairs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including admissions and staff appointments.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Implications for Other Institutions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It provides a <\/span><b>standardised framework<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for institutions with similar claims to minority status <\/span><b>under Article 30 of the Constitution.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Court suggests that <\/span><b>any regulatory changes made after the Constitution\u2019s commencement (1950) that alter the institution\u2019s original minority character could be scrutinised.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Institutions that underwent such changes may <\/span><b>face challenges in maintaining their minority status<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Government Control and Funding: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The judgement clarifies that <\/span><b>government funding or control does not automatically negate an institution\u2019s minority status<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as long as it continues to serve the minority community&#8217;s educational and cultural needs.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This could influence how the government interacts with and supports such institutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Way Forward<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Clear Guidelines for Minority Institutions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Government could create a <\/span><b>clear legislative framework based on the Supreme Court\u2019s criteria<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for recognising minority institutions across India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Support for Institutional Autonomy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The government should ensure that institutions like AMU continue to benefit from the autonomy to run their educational and administrative programs <\/span><b>while ensuring accountability.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Legal Clarity on Government Funding and Involvement:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A legal framework should be <\/span><b>established to clarify the extent to which state funding or other forms of support can be provided <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">without compromising the institution\u2019s minority status or autonomy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This verdict is historic as it <\/span><b>reshapes the interpretation of Article 30 of the Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>marks a pivotal moment in the ongoing debate over the rights of minority educational institutions in India.<\/b><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.043%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 130.811%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.5357%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Editorials<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 80.2753%; 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400;\">Daily Current Affairs Quiz<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 80.2753%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daily Main Answer Writing<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 130.811%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\" colspan=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A seven-judge Bench of the Supreme Court laid down in a 4-3 majority verdict a \u201cholistic and realistic\u201d test to determine the \u201cminority character\u201d of an educational institution that would ensure special protections under Article 30.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":142246,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[2084],"subject":[2124],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/142016"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=142016"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/142016\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":142198,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/142016\/revisions\/142198"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/142246"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=142016"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=142016"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=142016"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=142016"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}