{"id":144257,"date":"2024-11-23T19:45:03","date_gmt":"2024-11-23T14:15:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=144257"},"modified":"2024-11-25T13:20:58","modified_gmt":"2024-11-25T07:50:58","slug":"global-nitrous-oxide-assessment-report","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/global-nitrous-oxide-assessment-report","title":{"rendered":"Global Nitrous Oxide (N\u2082O) Assessment Report"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Global Nitrous Oxide Assessment has recently been<\/span><b> published by<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the<\/span><b> United Nations Environment Programme &#038; the Food and Agriculture Organization.<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the first international report focused solely on N<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O in more than a decade.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Crucial Insights on the Global Nitrous Oxide (N\u2082O) Assessment Report<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Key Findings<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Global Warming Impact:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u2082O currently contributes 0.1\u00b0C to global warming.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its continued increase in emissions makes it impossible to limit warming to 1.5\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Anthropogenic Emissions:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased by 40% since 1980, with 75% originating from agriculture (synthetic fertilizers and manure).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ozone Depletion and Health Risks:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6975%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>The Gothenburg Protocol:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0The <\/span><b>Gothenburg Protocol (was adopted in 1999) was established to address pollutants<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that cause acidification and ground-level ozone.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It <\/span><b>sets limits on air pollutants including sulfur dioxide<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, nitrogen oxide, ammonia and volatile organic compounds that are hazardous to human health and the environment<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u2082O is the leading ozone-depleting substance, increasing harmful UV exposure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Raises risks of cataracts (0.2\u20130.8%) and skin cancer (2\u201310%).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Abatement measures:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The report highlighted that currently, available abatement measures could reduce N2O emissions by more than 40 per cent below current levels.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Emissions Sources:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Agriculture: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is<\/span><b> currently the source of 75% of those emissions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, of which approximately 90% comes from the use of synthetic fertilisers and manure on agricultural soils and 10% from manure management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Industry:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Industrial sources account for<\/span><b> approximately 5% of emissions,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the remaining 20% come from fossil fuel combustion, wastewater treatment, aquaculture, biomass burning, and other sources.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rise in Emissions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atmospheric abundance of the gas has risen by over 20% since pre-industrial era; its mean annual growth rate over the past five years (2017\u20132021) was 1.2 parts per billion a year and was nearly twice that of the early 2000s (2000\u20132004).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Suggested Measures<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Agriculture:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Use of enhanced-efficiency fertilisers, nitrification inhibitors, &#038; slow-release formulations can reduce emissions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Industry:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Industries can eliminate N2O emissions by adopting existing and relatively low-cost abatement measures that could cost $1,600-6,000 per tonne of nitrous oxide.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fossil Fuel Reduction:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Transition to renewable resources in transportation &#038; energy production.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Manure Management:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Balance nutrient inputs in animal feed, reduce grazing intensity, &#038; apply anaerobic digestion of manure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Multilateral Options:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 Adopting targets like the <\/span><b>Gothenburg Protocol<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on ammonia &#038; nitrogen oxides under the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Transformations in food production: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transformations in food production and societal systems could lead to even deeper reductions in\u00a0 Nitrous Oxide emissions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Nitrous Oxide and Its Absorbent Sinks<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Nitrous Oxide (N2O)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a Greenhouse gas (GHG) <\/span><b>300 times more potent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> than carbon dioxide (CO2).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has the <\/span><b>third-highest concentration, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">after CO2 and methane (CH4), in Earth\u2019s atmosphere among GHGs responsible for global warming.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can <\/span><b>live in the atmosphere for up to 120-125 years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and is approximately 270 times more powerful than carbon dioxide per tonne of emission at warming the Earth.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books\/upsc-modules?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+Modules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC Modules From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Absorbent \u201cSinks\u201d of Nitrous Oxide<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Soils: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microbial processes in soils can consume and reduce N\u2082O emissions.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Denitrifying bacteria convert N\u2082O to nitrogen gas (N\u2082) under anaerobic conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Oceans: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Deeper and subsurface oceans absorb N\u2082O from the atmosphere through dissolution at the air-sea interface.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marine phytoplankton play a role in consuming dissolved N\u2082O<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stratosphere: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u2082O reacts with ozone (O\u2083) which leads to the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ultimately nitrogen gas (N\u2082).\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6375%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 111.19%; 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