{"id":146563,"date":"2024-12-11T19:29:16","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T13:59:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=146563"},"modified":"2024-12-11T19:29:16","modified_gmt":"2024-12-11T13:59:16","slug":"snakebite-cases-as-notifiable-disease","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/snakebite-cases-as-notifiable-disease","title":{"rendered":"Snakebite Cases as \u201cNotifiable Disease\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Central Government has requested all states to classify snakebite cases and deaths as<\/span><b> &#8220;notifiable diseases.&#8221;<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Key Highlights of the Directives<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under the relevant provisions of the<\/span><b> State Public Health Act <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">or other applicable legislation, reporting suspected and probable snakebite cases and deaths will be mandatory.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This directive applies to both government and private health facilities, including medical colleges.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The initiative aligns with the<\/span><b> National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAPSE)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Notifiable Diseases<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Notifiable diseases are those legally required to be reported to government authorities.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These<\/span><b> include<\/b> <b>infections likely to cause outbreaks or deaths<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, necessitating quick investigation and public health measures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.7568%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAPSE)<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Launch:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Launched by the Union Health Ministry in 2023.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Objectives:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Aims to reduce snakebite deaths and disabilities by half by 2030.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Implementation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Involves a multi-pronged approach, including:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Awareness campaigns:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Educating the public about snakebite prevention and first aid.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Capacity building:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Training healthcare professionals in snakebite management.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Anti-venom supply:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ensuring adequate and timely availability of anti-venom.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Research and development:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Supporting research on snakebite toxins and treatment.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Community engagement:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Involving local communities in prevention and control efforts.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Responsibility:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> State governments are responsible for notifying diseases and implementing reporting mechanisms. The list of notifiable diseases varies across states based on regional health concerns.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Purpose:\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Notifying diseases enables authorities to monitor and manage outbreaks effectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It facilitates early warnings of outbreaks, allowing for timely interventions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This process supports better allocation of healthcare resources and targeted public health measures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Examples of Notifiable Diseases:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Commonly notified diseases include tuberculosis, HIV, cholera, malaria, dengue, and hepatitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Global Perspective: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The WHO&#8217;s International Health Regulations mandate the reporting of specific diseases to ensure global health security.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Snakebites<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-146543 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/112-6759890832e8c.webp\" alt=\"Notifiable Disease\" width=\"399\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/112-6759890832e8c.webp 727w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/112-6759890832e8c-300x286.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Epidemiology:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India records the highest number of snakebite incidents globally.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to WHO, there are 3-4 million snakebite cases annually in India, resulting in over 58,000 deaths<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> World Health Organization (WHO) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has classified snakebite envenoming as a<\/span><b> Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) since 2017, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">underscoring its significant public health impact.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>High-Risk Areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Snakebite incidents are prevalent in rural regions with significant agricultural activity and forested areas.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">States with higher risks include<\/span><b> Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Premature Death: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>2020 Indian Million Death Study<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> identified snakebites as a<\/span><b> preventable cause<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of premature death.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Challenges with Snakebites<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Diversity of Snake Species<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India is home to over 310 snake species, 66 of which are venomous.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>&#8220;Big Four&#8221; snakes <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are responsible for90% of snakebite cases:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Indian cobra, Common krait, Russell&#8217;s viper<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and<\/span><b> Saw-scaled viper<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Antivenom Limitations<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Current antivenoms are effective against <\/span><b>approximately 80% of snakebite cases<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antivenoms are not effective against all species or regional venom variations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Differences in venom toxicity exist across snake species, geographic regions, and even age groups.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Recommended Solutions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Experts recommend setting up regional venom collection banks to improve the effectiveness of antivenom production.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Legal Restrictions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, imposes restrictions on venom extraction, impacting the development of region-specific antivenoms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6375%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 111.19%; 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