{"id":147217,"date":"2024-12-16T19:50:36","date_gmt":"2024-12-16T14:20:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=147217"},"modified":"2025-02-13T11:29:04","modified_gmt":"2025-02-13T05:59:04","slug":"fao-report-on-soil-salinity","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/fao-report-on-soil-salinity","title":{"rendered":"FAO\u2019s Report On Soil Salinity"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A report by the <\/span><b>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, titled <\/span><b>\u2018The Global Status of Salt-Affected Soils\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, reveals that <\/span><b>nearly 1.4 billion hectares of land, or 10.7 percent of the global land area, is affected by salinity.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Salt-Affected Soils\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salt-affected soils are a<\/span><b> specific group of soils <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that have<\/span><b> elevated amounts of soluble salts <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(saline soils) or <\/span><b>exchangeable sodium <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(sodic soils) that <\/span><b>adversely affect the growth of most plants.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Types of Salt-Affected Soils<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Saline Soils: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saline soil is defined as soil that has accumulated water-soluble salts such as chloride, sulphates, and carbonates. <\/span><b>Saline soils tend to dominate in arid and semi-arid regions.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The soils have a <\/span><b>stable structure.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Improving drainage, leaching of salts <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are some of the solutions for treating Saline soils.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6975%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Soil Salinisation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> refers to the process by which <\/span><b>soluble salts accumulate in the soil.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Soil Sodification <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the process in which <\/span><b>sodium ions accumulate on soil particles,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> displacing essential nutrients such as calcium and magnesium.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Sodic\/ Alkali Soils: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sodic soils are formed when <\/span><b>sodium ions are relatively higher <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">than the other cations, impacting the soil structure.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sodic soils tend to <\/span><b>dominate in semi-arid and sub-humid regions.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The soils have an<\/span><b> unstable structure.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Soil amendments like <\/span><b>addition of gypsum <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can improve sodic soil structure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.7979%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #000000;\"><b>About the Global Status of Salt-Affected Soils Report<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u2018Global Status of Salt-Affected Soils\u2019 is <\/span><b>FAO\u2019s first major global assessment of salt-affected soils in 50 years.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The report was launched at the <\/span><b>International Soil and Water Forum 2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> held in <\/span><b>Bangkok.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The event was co-organised by the <\/span><b>FAO and Thailand\u2019s Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books\/upsc-textbooks?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+Textbooks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Key Findings of FAO&#8217;s Report on Salt-Affected Soils<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Impact of Soil Salinity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: An additional 1 billion hectares are at risk due to climate change and poor land management.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salinity stress can <\/span><b>reduce crop yields<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (e.g., rice and beans) by <\/span><b>up to 70%, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">threatening global food security.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Countries with the Largest Affected Areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Australia (357 million ha), Argentina (153 million ha), Kazakhstan (94 million ha), Russia (77 million ha), and the U.S. (73.4 million ha).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Countries with the Highest Proportional Impact<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Oman (93.5% of land), Uzbekistan (92.9%), and Jordan (90.6%).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Irrigated and Rainfed Cropland:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FAO&#8217;s global map of salt-affected soils reveals that <\/span><b>10% of irrigated cropland<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>10% of rainfed cropland<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are currently impacted by salinity.This poses a significant threat to <\/span><b>global food security<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.498%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>International Efforts:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Global Soil Doctors Programme: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a programme<\/span><b> led by the FAO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a <\/span><b>farmer-to-farmer training initiative<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that aims to build the capacity of farmers on sustainable soil management <\/span><b>while supporting national governments and stakeholders<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in addressing the needs of their rural communities<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The trained persons recognised as <\/span><b>\u201cSoil Doctors\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are selected to support and educate other farmers to diagnose and heal soils in their local community.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Global Soil Partnerships (GSP):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It was<\/span><b> established in 2012<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as a mechanism to develop a strong interactive partnership, between<\/span><b> all stakeholders involved with soils<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Status of salt-affected soils in India:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Extent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: India has <\/span><b>6.72 million ha of salt-affected soils (2.1% of its total land area)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Saline soils:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2.95 million ha.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Sodic soils:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 3.77 million ha.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Most Affected States<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Rajasthan made up about 75 per cent of the country\u2019s salt-affected soils.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Impact on Agriculture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20% of India\u2019s agricultural land is impacted, especially in Jaisalmer, Gujarat coastline, and the Ganges basin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>most cultivated crops grown on saline and sodic soils<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India were <\/span><b>rice, cotton, barley, sorghum and millets.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Almost <\/span><b>17 percent of the country\u2019s irrigated agriculture <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">had experienced <\/span><b>secondary salinisation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as a result of the <\/span><b>use of brackish irrigation water.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Causes of Soil Salinisation<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Natural Causes: Climate change-induced aridity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>freshwater scarcity.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rising sea levels and thawing permafrost.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Irrigated soils in low rainfall regions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> also develop<\/span><b> soil salinity and alkalinity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> due to accumulation of salts in surface layers through evaporating water.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Human-Induced Factors: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor-quality irrigation water, inadequate drainage, and overuse of fertilisers.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deforestation and removal of deep-rooted vegetation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overexploitation of aquifers and mining activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Strategies for Management of Salt Affected Soils: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The report offered a series of strategies for sustainable management of salt-affected soils to meet growing food demands. These were:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Mitigation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mulching, using interlayers of loose material, installing drainage systems and improving crop rotations<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Adaptation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breeding salt-tolerant plants which flourish in mangrove swamps, tropical sand and cliff shorelines, and even salt deserts<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Bioremediation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">using bacteria, fungi, plants or animals to remove, destroy or sequester hazardous substances from the environment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Policy Recommendations<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Develop legal frameworks for safeguarding natural saline ecosystems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promote sustainable soil management practices in irrigation areas at risk of salinization.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Measures Taken For Tackling Soil Salinity In India<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Soil Health Card (SHC) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is a printed report of a particular land holding which gives information on <\/span><b>12 soil parameters<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> along with <\/span><b>recommendation in dosage of nutrients<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to be utilised for different crops.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Government issues individual soil cards to farmers<\/span><b> once every 3 years.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The soil samples are tested for<\/span><b> pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S), Zinc (Zn), Boron (B), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of farm holdings.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The card displays farmer&#8217;s detail, soil sample detail, soil test results and general recommendations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Promotion of Digital Agriculture:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Digital agriculture refers to the integration of advanced technologies like IoT (Internet of Things), AI (Artificial Intelligence), big data, and machine learning <\/span><b>into farming practices<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to optimize productivity, sustainability, and resource management.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><b>Example: Smart irrigation systems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> integrate <\/span><b>sensors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>weather data<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to optimize <\/span><b>water usage based on soil salinity levels<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, preventing over-irrigation and conserving water while managing soil salinity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Way Forward<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Biodrainage:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is a technique used to lower groundwater levels in waterlogged areas by planting tree species that remove excess water through transpiration.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This preventive method helps avoid salinity and waterlogging issues in canal command areas, especially when soils are still in the process of salinization.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, if the soils are already salinized it has limited scope.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promising species for biodrainage include <\/span><b>Eucalyptus, Populus, Casuarina, and Bambusa.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Biosaline Agriculture: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It involves using <\/span><b>salt-tolerant plants<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to <\/span><b>manage saline soils and reclaim degraded land.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example: Planting of Leptochloa fusca,<\/span><b> Prosopis juliflora<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and Acacia nilotica.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Updation of Groundwater Quality Map: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The existing groundwater quality map needs to be updated <\/span><b>to reflect current conditions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially with regard to over-pumping in good-quality zones and limited extraction from poor-quality areas<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sustaining Productivity in Reclaimed 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salinity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":147154,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[2089],"subject":[4642],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/147217"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=147217"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/147217\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":147220,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/147217\/revisions\/147220"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/147154"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=147217"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=147217"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=147217"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=147217"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}