{"id":148337,"date":"2024-12-24T19:16:26","date_gmt":"2024-12-24T13:46:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=148337"},"modified":"2024-12-24T19:16:26","modified_gmt":"2024-12-24T13:46:26","slug":"hybrid-aerogel-ipcomp-9","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/hybrid-aerogel-ipcomp-9","title":{"rendered":"Hybrid Aerogel-IPcomp-9"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Researchers from\u00a0 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, developed a hybrid aerogel IPcomp-9 capable of efficiently extracting gold from electronic waste.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-148322 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/243-676ab6f19de56.webp\" alt=\"Aerogel-IPcomp-9\" width=\"300\" height=\"244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/243-676ab6f19de56.webp 732w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/243-676ab6f19de56-300x245.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About the Hybrid Aerogel IPcomp-9<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>IPcomp-9\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is a novel hybrid aerogel with<\/span><b> tailored active sites that can<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> selectively capture <\/span><b>gold ions from electronic waste (e-waste) and contaminated wate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Researchers at IISER synthesised<\/span><b> IPcomp-9 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by covalently linking two types of crystalline solid materials, a<\/span><b> metal-organic polyhedral made up of zirconium<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and a<\/span><b> 2D imine-linked covalent organic framework.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The researchers used<\/span><b> iron nitrate salt to thread the two materials<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> together at room temperature within <\/span><b>two to five minutes.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.7979%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #000000;\"><b>About E- waste<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">E-waste refers to discarded electronic and electrical equipment, including devices like gadgets, computers, and household appliances.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Components of E-Waste:<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Metals:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Gold, silver, copper, platinum, aluminum, and palladium.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Plastics:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Used in casings and insulation.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Glass<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Found in screens and monitors.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Hazardous Substances<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Lead, mercury, cadmium, and flame retardants.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Other Materials:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Batteries, circuit boards, and small mechanical parts.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Rising E-Waste in India:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">India contributes 6.4% of global e-waste.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E-waste generation in India grew by 131% between 2020 and 2022, as reported by the <\/span><b>UN Trade and Development.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Global E-Waste Monitor 2020<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> predicts India\u2019s e-waste to increase from 9.2 million tons to 74.7 million tons by 2030.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mechanism of Absorption:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The<\/span><b> imine groups<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the<\/span><b> positively charged zirconium clusters<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are the key parts that<\/span><b> attract and bind negatively charged gold ions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The attached ions are then rapidly converted into <\/span><b>metallic gold.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Efficiency:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They extracted<\/span><b> up to 99% of gold ions from e-waste<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 and achieved 1689 mg\/g extraction under daylight and 2349 mg\/g under blue light.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dual Process<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The aerogel facilitates<\/span><b> adsorption and reduction, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">yielding reasonably pure gold and minimizing the need for further purification.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Potential Applications:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> If scaled up, this technique could revolutionize e-waste management and promote sustainable resource recovery.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Diversified application<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It can also extract<\/span><b> ultra-trace amounts of gold<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from rivers, lakes, groundwater, and seawater.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reusibility: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can be reused<\/span><b> up to five times <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and effectively extracts gold from e-waste solutions, avoiding toxic chemicals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic and Environmental Benefits: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The technique offers a sustainable method to manage e-waste and reduce dependence on hazardous mining practices, turning waste into wealth.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traditional gold extraction methods, such as<\/span><b> pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>cyanide extraction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are<\/span><b> energy-intensive, time-consuming, complex and costly.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They also release harmful chemicals that damage the environment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books\/upsc-textbooks?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+Textbooks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6963%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>What are Aerogels?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Aerogels are a class of ultralight materials with extremely low density and high porosity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">They are derived from gels where the liquid component is replaced with a gas without significant structural collapse.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solid component in silica aerogel consists of tiny, three-dimensional, intertwined clusters which\u00a0 comprise only 3% of the volume and\u00a0 air in microscopic pores make up the remaining 97% of aerogel\u2019s volume making it a very <\/span><b>poor conductor.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This air has very little room to move, inhibiting both convection and gas-phase conduction. These characteristics make aerogel the<\/span><b> world\u2019s lowest density solid and most effective thermal insulator<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Types of Aerogels<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Silica Aerogel: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most common type, derived from silica.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Carbon Aerogel:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Made from organic precursors, known for high electrical conductivity.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Metal Oxide Aerogels:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Derived from metal oxides like alumina and iron oxide.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Polymer Aerogels: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on organic polymers, offering flexibility and tunable properties.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Hybrid Aerogels:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These are composite materials that combine two or more different types of materials within their structure.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Applications of Aerogels<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Thermal Insulation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Excellent insulators due to their high porosity and low thermal conductivity. Used in space exploration, cryogenics, and building materials.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Catalysis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: High surface area provides active sites for chemical reactions, making them useful as catalysts.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Sound Absorption: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effective sound absorbers due to their porous structure. Used in acoustic panels and noise reduction.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Sensors: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sensitive to changes in temperature, pressure, and humidity, making them suitable for sensor applications.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Drug Delivery:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Can be used as carriers for drug delivery due to their high surface area and biocompatibility.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Aerospace:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Used in spacecraft components due to their lightweight and high strength-to-weight ratio.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<span class=\"vc_button\"><b>Additional Reading: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/electronic-waste-recycling\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>e- waste Recycling<\/b><\/a><\/span>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6375%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 111.19%; 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