{"id":14992,"date":"2023-02-16T17:04:19","date_gmt":"2023-02-16T11:34:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?p=14992"},"modified":"2023-06-26T06:26:48","modified_gmt":"2023-06-26T00:56:48","slug":"taking-the-silent-pandemic-of-antimicrobial-resistance","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/taking-the-silent-pandemic-of-antimicrobial-resistance","title":{"rendered":"Taking the silent pandemic of Antimicrobial Resistance"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Context:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The rapidly rising<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) rates need an accelerated, multi-sectoral, global and national response.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>About AMR:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the resistance acquired by any microorganism (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasite, etc.) against antimicrobial drugs that are used to treat infections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Reasons for the occurrence of multidrug resistance:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unnecessary and injudicious use of antibiotic fixed dose combinations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Include self-medication.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lack of knowledge about when to use antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics which are critical to human health are commonly used for growth promotion in livestock and poultry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The wastewater effluents from the antibiotic manufacturing units contain a substantial amount of antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mass bathing in rivers, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The death due to AMR is now a leading cause of death worldwide, higher than HIV\/AIDS or malaria.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most of the deaths from AMR were caused by lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, and bloodstream infections, which can lead to sepsis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Concerning Issues:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global public health response has been threatened due to <\/span><b>rising misuse and overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microbial resistance to antibiotics has made it <\/span><b>harder to treat infections <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">such as pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), blood-poisoning (septicaemia) and several food-borne diseases.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AMR also <\/span><b>imposes a huge health cost<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the patient in the form of longer hospitalisation, health complications and delayed recovery.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many times, <\/span><b>patients recover from advanced medical procedures but succumb to untreatable infections.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Concerning Facts:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, AMR was associated with an estimated <\/span><b>4.95 million human deaths.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b>2018 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> warned of a <\/span><b>phenomenal increase, by 2030,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of resistance to back-up antibiotics (second and third-line).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An Indian Council of Medical Research<\/span><b> (ICMR) study in 2022<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> showed that the <\/span><b>resistance level increases from 5% to 10% every year for broad-spectrum antimicrobials.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An Indian Network for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance <\/span><b>(INSAR)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> study indicated <\/span><b>a high rate of resistance to commonly used drugs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>India and the Muscat conference:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s commitment to the cause was evident at the <\/span><b>Third Global High-Level Ministerial Conference on Antimicrobial Resistance .<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Muscat Manifesto<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> recognised the need to accelerate political commitments in the implementation of <\/span><b>One Health action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for controlling the spread of AMR.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also recognised the need to address the impact of AMR not only on humans but also on <\/span><b>animals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and in areas of <\/span><b>environmental health, food security and economic growth and development.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Focus areas of Conference:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The conference focused on <\/span><b>three health targets:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Reduce<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the total amount of antimicrobials used in the agri-food system at least by <\/span><b>30-50% by 2030<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Eliminate use in animals and food production<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of antimicrobials that are medically important for human health<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensure that by <\/span><b>2030 at least 60%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of overall antibiotic consumption in humans is from the <\/span><b>WHO \u201cAccess\u201d group of antibiotics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has committed to strengthening surveillance and promoting research on newer drugs. It also plans to strengthen private sector engagement and the reporting of data to the <\/span><b>WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and other standardized systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The manifesto encourages countries to prioritise their <\/span><b>national action plans for AMR keeping the One Health approach.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>The One Health Approach:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It requires all stakeholders to work together towards an integrated programme linking challenges of <\/span><b>humans, terrestrial and aquatic animal, plant health, food and feed production and the environment.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This approach will enable the world to <\/span><b>effectively prevent, predict and detect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the health crisis induced by AMR.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tackling AMR requires <\/span><b>constant monitoring<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of antibiotic consumption, identifying the types and quantities of antibiotics being used.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Need to reduce the Antimicrobial Usage:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is an urgent need <\/span><b>to reduce the usage of antimicrobials<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the agri-food system.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientific evidence suggests that the less antimicrobials are used, it is less likely that there will be an emergence of drug resistance.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Countries such as the <\/span><b>Netherlands and Thailand<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have decreased their usage <\/span><b>by almost 50%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>China<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the consumption of antibiotics in the agricultural sector has fallen substantially.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>use of antibiotics in<\/b> <b>healthy animals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to boost growth has also been <\/span><b>reduced<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the last decade in many countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>From policy to the ground level:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>The National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (2017-21)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> emphasised the effectiveness of the government\u2019s initiatives for hand hygiene and sanitation programmes such as <\/span><b>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Kayakalp and Swachh Swasth Sarvatra.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The National Health Policy 2017 also offered specific guidelines regarding use of antibiotics, <\/span><b>limiting the use of antibiotics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as over-the-counter medications and banning or restricting the use of antibiotics for growth promotion in <\/span><b>livestock<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also called for <\/span><b>scrutiny of prescriptions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to assess antibiotic usage in hospitals and among doctors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Conclusion:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the current G-20 president, and as a country vulnerable to this silent pandemic, India\u2019s role is critical in ensuring that AMR remains high on the global public health agenda.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0News Source:<\/i><\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/lead\/a-manifesto-for-tackling-the-silent-pandemic-of-amr\/article66513455.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Hindu<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Context:\u00a0 The rapidly rising Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) rates need an accelerated, multi-sectoral, global and national response. About AMR: It is the resistance acquired by any microorganism (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasite, etc.) against antimicrobial drugs that are used to treat infections. Reasons for the occurrence of multidrug resistance: Unnecessary and injudicious use of antibiotic fixed dose&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/taking-the-silent-pandemic-of-antimicrobial-resistance\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Taking the silent pandemic of Antimicrobial Resistance<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[642,645,643,644],"paper-wise":[],"subject":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/14992"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14992"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/14992\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14992"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14992"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=14992"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=14992"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}