{"id":150383,"date":"2025-01-06T19:56:09","date_gmt":"2025-01-06T14:26:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=150383"},"modified":"2025-01-06T19:56:09","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T14:26:09","slug":"avian-influenza","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/avian-influenza","title":{"rendered":"Avian Influenza"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maharashtra reported<\/span><b> India\u2019s first H5N1 avian influenza case in animals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, marking a significant wildlife health concern.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Recent Impact on Animals<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mortality:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Three tigers and one leopard succumbed to H5N1 at the <\/span><b>Balasaheb Thackeray Gorewada Zoo, Nagpur.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Transmission:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Animals were infected after being rescued from Chandrapur, highlighting<\/span><b> disease spread in captive wildlife.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>First Instance in India:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This is the first documented case of H5N1 <\/span><b>causing fatalities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> among captive wildlife in the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Avian Influenza (H5N1)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>H5N1 Overview<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H5N1 is a type of influenza virus causing severe respiratory disease in birds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a <\/span><b>subtype of the influenza A virus,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> classified based on surface protein properties.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Classification of Influenza A Viruses<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Influenza A viruses are categorized by<\/span><b> hemagglutinin (H)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and<\/span><b> neuraminidase (N) proteins.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>There are 18 hemagglutinin (H1-H18) and 11 neuraminidase (N1-N11) subtypes.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Emergence and Evolution of H5N1 Bird Flu<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>1996-1997<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: H5N1 was first identified in domestic waterfowl in Southern China.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Named A\/goose\/Guangdong\/1\/1996, it caused outbreaks in China and Hong Kong with 18 human cases (6 deaths).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>2003-2005<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: H5N1 re-emerged, causing widespread poultry outbreaks across Asia, spreading to Africa, the Middle East, and Europe via wild birds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>2014-2016<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Gene-swapping led to H5N6 and H5N8 subtypes, diversifying hemagglutinin (HA) into clade 2.3.4.4.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>2018-2020<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Clade 2.3.4.4b becomes predominant globally, replacing original H5N1 viruses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>2021-2023<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 detected in wild birds in Canada and the U.S., causing outbreaks in poultry and sporadic infections in humans and mammals.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Example<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: A(H1N1), which causes swine flu.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Transmission of Avian Influenza<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bird-to-Bird<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Transmitted via direct contact, saliva, nasal secretions, feces, or contaminated surfaces.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bird-to-Human<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Rare but occurs through close contact with infected birds or contaminated environments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Human-to-Human<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: As per research Published in Science Journal The H5N1 avian influenza virus is<\/span><b> one mutation away from becoming infectious to humans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, enabling it to spread from one person to another.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mortality and Pandemic Potential<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mortality rates can reach up to 60%.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avian influenza<\/span><b> is not currently on the WHO\u2019s priority list of pathogens<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with pandemic potential.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Symptoms of Avian Influenza<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The symptoms of H5N1 infection may include<\/span><b> fever (often high fever, > 38\u00b0C) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>malaise, cough, sore throat and muscle aches.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other early symptoms may include<\/span><b> conjunctivitis and other non-respiratory symptoms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The infection may progress quickly to severe<\/span><b> respiratory illness and neurologic changes (altered mental status or seizures).<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H5N1 virus has also been detected in samples collected from people without symptoms who had exposure to infected animals or their environments.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books\/upsc-modules?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+Modules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC Modules From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Preventive Measures and Recommendations<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Zoo and Wildlife Protocols<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biosecurity measures to prevent bird access to other animals using nets and covers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disinfection of footwear and equipment and maintenance of hygiene.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid feeding carnivores raw poultry or meat from unverified sources.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regular health monitoring of animals for unusual behavior or symptoms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>State and Facility-Level Actions<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temporary shutdown of affected facilities for public access.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Isolation of infected or symptomatic animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enhanced surveillance and early detection measures across zoos and rescue centers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>One-Health Approach: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Integration of efforts across human health, animal health, and wildlife sectors to address the risks of avian influenza comprehensively.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span class=\"vc_button\"><b>Additional Reading: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/avian-influenza-a-h5n1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Avian Flue<\/b><\/a><\/span>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6375%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 111.19%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Also Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.797%; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>UPSC Daily Editorials<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 61.393%; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/daily-current-affairs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>UPSC Daily Current Affairs<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.797%; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/quiz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Daily Current Affairs Quiz<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 61.393%; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\" 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concern.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":150341,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[2089],"subject":[2092],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/150383"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=150383"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/150383\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":150385,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/150383\/revisions\/150385"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/150341"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=150383"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=150383"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=150383"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=150383"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}