{"id":150386,"date":"2025-01-06T20:01:41","date_gmt":"2025-01-06T14:31:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=150386"},"modified":"2025-01-06T20:01:41","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T14:31:41","slug":"national-security-act","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/national-security-act","title":{"rendered":"National Security Act, 1980"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Manipur Governo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">r Ajay Kumar Bhalla held a security review meeting and suggested the use of the <\/span><b>National Security Act (NSA), 1980<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, to detain miscreants and troublemakers for <\/span><b>up to a year without trial.<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ethnic Violence:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Persistent clashes between Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities, particularly in buffer zones like Yaingangpokpi (YKPI), causing instability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ceasefire Violations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The <\/span><b>Pambei faction <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the UNLF violated peace ground rules, undermining the 2023 agreement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.7979%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>About United National Liberation Front (UNLF)<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">It is a separatist insurgent group active in the state of Manipur in Northeast India.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Formation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Founded in 1964.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Objective:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To establish a sovereign and socialist Manipur.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Activities:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Engaged in armed struggle against the Indian government since the 1990s.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>2023 Agreement:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In <\/span><b>November 2023, the Indian government, the Manipur state government, and the UNLF signed a peace agreement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, marking a significant step towards resolving the conflict.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About National Security Act (NSA), 1980<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>NSA is a Preventive Detention Law<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> enacted in 1980 to maintain public order and national security.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Preventive Detention<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Involves detaining a person to prevent them from committing future crimes or evading future prosecution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The act also provides for the c<\/span><b>onstitution of a National Security Council<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which advises the Prime Minister on matters relating to national security.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Constitutional Provisions for NSA, 1980<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 22(3)(b)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Permits preventive detention and restrictions on personal liberty for state security and public order.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 22(4)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Limits preventive detention to three months unless:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An Advisory Board determines sufficient cause for detention.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The detention complies with laws enacted by Parliament.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 22(5)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Provides detained individuals the right to make an effective representation before an independent advisory board.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The board consists of three members, with one being a current or former high court judge.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Provisions of NSA 1980<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Administrative Order<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Detention orders are issued by the Divisional Commissioner or District Magistrate (DM), not the police.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Protection for DM<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Officials who issue detention orders are protected under the Act and cannot be prosecuted for their actions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Grounds for Detention<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Central or State Governments can detain individuals to prevent harm to:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National defense.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relations with foreign countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National security.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public order.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Essential supplies and services.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Police Custody: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The District Magistrate can invoke the NSA even if the individual is already in police custody.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Period of Confinement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The maximum detention period is 12 months.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detainees may be held for up to 10 days without being informed of charges.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bail Cases:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A person released on bail can still be detained under the NSA.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books\/upsc-textbooks?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+Textbooks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.8037%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #000000;\"><b>About National Security Council<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>National Security Council (NSC):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Act provides for the constitution of the NSC.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>High-Level Body<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Advises the Prime Minister on national security, strategic policy, and defense.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Structure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: A three-tiered organization addressing political, economic, energy, and security concerns.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Chairperson<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The Prime Minister.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Establishment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Formed in 1998 to deliberate on all aspects of national security.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Members of NSC<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">National Security Advisor (NSA).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Deputy National Security Advisors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Ministers of Defence, External Affairs, Home Affairs, and Finance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Vice Chairman of the NITI Aayog.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Acquitted Persons:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Even if acquitted by the court, individuals can be detained under the NSA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Rights Restricted: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detainees lose the constitutional right to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detainees cannot apply for bail in criminal court.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Legal Process<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detainees can <\/span><b>appeal to the advisory board.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The arrested person is also not entitled to<\/span><b> the aid of any legal practitioner<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><b>any matter connected with the proceedings before an advisory board<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is <\/span><b>constituted by the government for dealing with NSA cases.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Limited Protection Against NSA<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Writ of Habeas Corpus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: This writ is the only constitutional safeguard against the misuse of detention powers under the NSA.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Similar to Colonial Era Laws<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Bengal Regulation III (1818)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Empowered arrests based on suspected criminal intent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Rowlatt Acts (1919)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Allowed imprisonment without trial.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Limitations of NSA<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Potential for Misuse: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Broad detention powers often lead to arbitrary arrests, as seen in Manipur (2023), where NSA was invoked amid ethnic violence, targeting specific communities and escalating tensions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lack of Judicial Oversight:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Detention without trial or legal representation undermines constitutional safeguards, fostering resentment among detainees and their families.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Human Rights Concerns:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Prolonged detentions invite criticism, such as during the CAA protests (2019-2020), where individuals were detained without clear charges, raising global human rights concerns.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Impact on Rehabilitation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Detaining misguided youth, as seen in<\/span><b> Jammu and Kashmir (2022),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> risks alienating them further, hampering long-term peace and dialogue efforts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Way Forward<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Strengthen Oversight: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduce judicial review for NSA cases to prevent misuse and ensure accountability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Use Alternative Measures:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Focus on dialogue and rehabilitation, particularly for youth in conflict zones like Manipur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I<\/span><b>mprove Law Enforcement:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Deploy coordinated security operations that respect human rights, ensuring grievances are addressed without broad detention powers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6375%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 111.19%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Also Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.797%; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>UPSC Daily Editorials<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 61.393%; text-align: center;\"><a 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miscreants and troublemakers for up to a year without trial.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":150341,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[2084],"subject":[2124],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/150386"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=150386"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/150386\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":150388,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/150386\/revisions\/150388"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/150341"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=150386"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=150386"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=150386"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=150386"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}