{"id":151568,"date":"2025-01-15T19:38:27","date_gmt":"2025-01-15T14:08:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=151568"},"modified":"2025-01-15T19:38:27","modified_gmt":"2025-01-15T14:08:27","slug":"deccan-volcanism","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/deccan-volcanism","title":{"rendered":"Deccan Volcanism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A recent study reveals that <\/span><b>Deccan Volcanism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, despite its catastrophic effects on terrestrial fauna such as the extinction of dinosaurs, caused<\/span><b> only regional and short-term impacts on tropical flora.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Key Findings of the Study<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Minimal Impact on Tropical Flora<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Deccan Volcanism had limited negative effects on tropical flora, with impacts being regional and short-term.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6975%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Tropical Flora:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Plant life characteristic of tropical regions, known for its incredible diversity, lushness, and abundance<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Examples include<\/span><b> rainforests, mangroves, and savannas.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Angiosperms:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Flowering plants that<\/span><b> produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are the<\/span><b> most diverse group of plants, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dominating most terrestrial ecosystems. Examples include<\/span><b> roses, orchids, and oak trees.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Gymnosperms:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Seed-bearing plants that do not produce flowers or fruits.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their seeds are <\/span><b>typically borne on the surface of cones<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Examples include<\/span><b> pine trees, cycads, and ginkgoes.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Positive Influence on Angiosperm Development:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The volcanic activity indirectly supported the development of diverse tropical flora.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It eliminated large faunal communities like <\/span><b>dinosaurs and gymnosperms,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> creating undisturbed, fertile habitats.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The warm and humid climate during dormant volcanic phases provided ideal conditions for angiosperms to grow and diversify.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Resilience of Tropical Flora:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Despite the release of toxic greenhouse gases that contributed to the <\/span><b>Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, tropical flora displayed high resilience and recovered on a sub-millennial timescale.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lessons for Modern Climate Change:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The study suggests that tropical rainforests, if left undisturbed, have the potential to recover rapidly under favorable climatic conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Methodology used for the Study<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Sample Collection:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sedimentary rock samples, including mudstone and claystone, were collected from a 17-meter-thick sedimentary sequence in Yeotmal, Maharashtra.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6975%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>NLR and CA<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">The Nearest Living Relative (NLR) approach and Coexistence Approach are two different ways of studying extinct species.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Nearest Living Relative (NLR) approach:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Compares an extinct species to its closest living relative to understand its potential ecology, behavior, and physiology.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Coexistence Approach:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Focuses on understanding the interactions and relationships between extinct species and other species in the same ecosystem to reconstruct the past environment.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Palynological Analysis: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pollen, spores, and organic matter were extracted and studied to understand biostratigraphy and reconstruct paleoecology, paleoclimate, and paleobiogeography.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Analytical Approaches:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The<\/span><b> Nearest Living Relative (NLR) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">approach and <\/span><b>Coexistence Approach (CA) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">were used for <\/span><b>paleoecological <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<\/span><b> paleoclimatic modeling.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Palaeobiogeographic reconstruction was also conducted.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-151538 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/146-6787b634b7b31.webp\" alt=\"Deccan Volcanism\" width=\"351\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/146-6787b634b7b31.webp 772w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/146-6787b634b7b31-300x262.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/146-6787b634b7b31-768x672.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Deccan Volcanism<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deccan Volcanism refers to <\/span><b>extensive volcanic activity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that took place on the Deccan Plateau in India, primarily during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition, <\/span><b>approximately 66 million years ago.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Key Features of Deccan Volcanism<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Formation of the Deccan Traps: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deccan Traps consist of vast, layered flood basalts created by extensive lava flows.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-151540 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/147-6787b633b64ba.webp\" alt=\"Deccan Volcanism\" width=\"348\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/147-6787b633b64ba.webp 1051w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/147-6787b633b64ba-300x180.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/147-6787b633b64ba-1024x616.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/147-6787b633b64ba-768x462.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px\" \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These geological features cover significant portions of central and western India and led to the formation of the Deccan Plateau.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Reunion Hotspot: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The volcanic activity occurred as the Indian Plate migrated northward over the Reunion hotspot, now located at Reunion Island.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Soil Formation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weathering of basalt from these eruptions resulted in the creation of Black or Regur soil, known for its fertility.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Climate Impact: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The eruptions released large amounts of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and sulfur aerosols.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This led to significant global climate changes, including global warming and acid rain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These climatic disruptions contributed to the extinction of various species,<\/span><b> including non-avian dinosaurs.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6988%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Mass Extinction Events<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mass extinctions are catastrophic events leading to the rapid and widespread loss of biodiversity on Earth. These events are often triggered by drastic changes in the Earth&#8217;s climate, carbon cycle, or catastrophic occurrences such as asteroid impacts or massive volcanic eruptions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) Extinction<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Occurred <\/span><b>66 million years ago<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, marking the end of the Mesozoic Era.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Caused by a massive asteroid impact near the <\/span><b>Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Mexico, creating a <\/span><b>120-mile-wide crater<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effects:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Immediate wildfires within <\/span><b>900 miles of impact.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global cooling caused by debris and sulfur in the atmosphere.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tsunamis and collapse of ecosystems.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Aggravating Factor:<\/b> <b>Deccan Volcanic eruptions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India may have amplified climate changes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Result:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Extinction of <\/span><b>76% of all species<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including non-avian dinosaurs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Major Mass Extinction Events<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6898%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2006%; text-align: center;\"><b>Event<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.1665%; text-align: center;\"><b>Time (Million Years Ago)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 28.6453%; text-align: center;\"><b>Cause<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2709%; text-align: center;\"><b>Extinction Rate<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.0989%; text-align: center;\"><b>Notable Losses<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2006%;\"><b>Ordovician-Silurian<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.1665%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">444<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 28.6453%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glaciation and sea-level fall<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2709%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">~85%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.0989%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marine species<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2006%;\"><b>Late Devonian<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.1665%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">375<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 28.6453%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ocean anoxia and climate change<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2709%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">~75%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.0989%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reef-building organisms<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2006%;\"><b>Permian-Triassic<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.1665%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">252<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 28.6453%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Volcanic activity, methane release, climate warming<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2709%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">~96%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.0989%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marine and terrestrial species<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2006%;\"><b>Triassic-Jurassic<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.1665%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">201<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 28.6453%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Volcanism and carbon cycle disruptions<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2709%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">~80%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.0989%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early dinosaurs, marine species<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2006%;\"><b>Cretaceous-Paleogene<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.1665%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">66<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 28.6453%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asteroid impact, Deccan volcanism<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2709%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">~76%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.0989%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-avian dinosaurs, marine life<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6375%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 111.19%; 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