{"id":156282,"date":"2025-02-21T19:17:34","date_gmt":"2025-02-21T13:47:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=156282"},"modified":"2025-02-21T19:17:34","modified_gmt":"2025-02-21T13:47:34","slug":"kalyana-chalukya-era-inscription","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/kalyana-chalukya-era-inscription","title":{"rendered":"Kalyana Chalukya Era Inscription"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Three Kannada inscriptions from the <\/span><b>Kalyana Chalukya era<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were discovered for the<\/span><b> first time in Kankal village, Telangana.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About the Inscriptions<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These inscriptions are dated <\/span><b>1129 CE, 1130 CE, and 1132 CE, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">during the reign of <\/span><b>Emperor Someswara-III Bhulokamalladeva <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the<\/span><b> Kalyana Chalukya dynasty.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>First Inscription<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It mentions the construction of the<\/span><b> Bijjeswara temple and\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">records the <\/span><b>consecration of a Shivalinga.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Documents a donation of <\/span><b>100 martars (a historical land measure)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of land by a local chief.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Second Inscription: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Records land and cash donations made to the <\/span><b>Bijjeswara temple<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by a local individual.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Third Inscription<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Also documents donations to the <\/span><b>Bijjeswara temple.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Kalyana Chalukya (Later or Western Chalukya)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dynastic Background<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: One of the three Chalukyan dynasties:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chalukyas of Badami (6th-8th century CE).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi (7th-12th century CE).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Western Chalukyas (Kalyana Chalukyas) (10th-12th century CE),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> considered descendants <\/span><b>of the Chalukyas of Badami.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Founder: Tailapa II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who established the dynasty by defeating Rashtrakuta ruler<\/span><b> Kakka II (Karaka).<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Expansion:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Notable Military Victories of <\/span><b>Kalyana Chalukya<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defeated <\/span><b>Rajaraja Chola (992 CE).<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conquered <\/span><b>Latas, Gurjaras, Chedis,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and<\/span><b> Paramaras.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Territorial Control<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Ruled the<\/span><b> Western Deccan region<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between the<\/span><b> 10th and 12th centuries CE.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Capital:<\/b> <b>Kalyan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 which was located in\u00a0 present-day<\/span><b> Bidar district, Karnataka.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Significant Kings:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Vikramaditya VI (1076-1126 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Most powerful ruler of the dynasty. He initiated the Chalukya Vikrama era.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Someswara I &#038; Someswara III: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expanded the empire\u2019s territory and cultural influence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Jayasimha II: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stabilized the empire after the downfall of the Rashtrakutas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Decline of Kalyana Chalukya: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After <\/span><b>Vikramaditya VI\u2019s death,<\/b> <b>continuous conflicts with the Cholas weakened <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Western Chalukyas, <\/span><b>leading to internal rebellions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>rapid decline by Jagadhekamalla II\u2019s reign<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Contribution of Kalyana Chalukya to Art and Culture<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Architecture<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Developed the<\/span><b> Western Chalukya (Kalyani Chalukya) architectural style.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Specialized in<\/span><b> Vesara or Karnata-Dravida temple architecture.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduced<\/span><b> intricate carvings, stepped wells, and ornate sculptures.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stepped Wells (Pushkarni) were used as ritual bathing places.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>Example: Manikesvara Temple in Lakkundi.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their architectural style later<\/span><b> influenced Vijayanagara<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Hoysala temple architecture.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Major Temples<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Mahadeva Temple (Itagi, Koppal):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Known as the \u201c<\/span><b>Emperor among temples\u201d, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">representing the finest craftsmanship of the era.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Kasivisvesvara Temple (Lakkundi, Gadag): It <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">features ornate carvings and symmetrical designs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Sarasvati Temple (Gadag) and\u00a0 Dodda Basappa Temple (Dambal, Gadag)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:\u00a0 They are known for their artistic excellence and intricate sculptures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Literature<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Sanskrit and Kannada<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> literature flourished under their patronage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Notable Kannada literary figures:<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Pampa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> : Early Kannada poet, known for <\/span><b>&#8220;Adi Purana.&#8221;<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Ranna : <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Court poet who authored<\/span><b> &#8220;Sahasa Bhima Vijaya.&#8221;<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>Pampa, Ponna and Ranna&#8217;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are considered as the<\/span><b> three gems of Kannada literature<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>Ponna<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was a noted Kannada poet in the<\/span><b> court of Rashtrakuta Emperor Krishna III.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Durgasimha and\u00a0 Nagavarma :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Contributed significantly to classical Kannada literature.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Religious Influence<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dominant Sects<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Various sects of <\/span><b>Shaivism flourished,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> including <\/span><b>Pashupata, Lakulisa,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Kalamukha.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Religious Reform:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The period also witnessed the rise of a new social and religious movement led by <\/span><b>Basavanna.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6375%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 111.19%; 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