{"id":76267,"date":"2024-01-15T20:30:19","date_gmt":"2024-01-15T15:00:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=76267"},"modified":"2024-01-16T18:48:49","modified_gmt":"2024-01-16T13:18:49","slug":"global-surgery","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/global-surgery","title":{"rendered":"Global Surgery Disparities: Bridging Gaps in Access, Policy, and Funding for Equitable Health Outcomes"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Context:<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Lancet Commission on Global Cancer Surgery<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> noted that surgery is central to national cancer control plans.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In contrast, India\u2019s new guidelines on non-communicable diseases (2023) that<\/span><b> focus on cancer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> heavily have a sparse mention of surgery.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Advancing Health Equity through Access and Inclusivity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global surgery is the <\/span><b>study and practice of improving access to<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> timely, quality, and affordable <\/span><b>surgical care.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is an <\/span><b>essential component<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of <\/span><b>global health.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>SOTA: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These <\/span><b>\u201csurgeries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d include essential and emergency surgeries such as <\/span><b>surgery, obstetrics, trauma, and anesthesia (SOTA).\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>What is Global Health?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global health is an area of research and practice that seeks <\/span><b>to improve health and achieve health equity for all worldwide.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Global surgery &#038; Sustainable Development Goals 2030<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global surgery specifically contributes to achievement of the following <\/span><b>Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDGs)\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-76685\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/16.5.webp\" alt=\"Global Surgery\" width=\"601\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/16.5.webp 763w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/16.5-300x196.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Predominant Focus: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On<\/span><b> low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also prioritizes access disparities and under-served populations in high-income countries (HICs).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100.3%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>The Case of South Asia: Navigating Inequities, Disease Burdens, and Economic Impact<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Inaccessibility: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the five billion people, over 1.6 billion people lack access to live in South Asia, which means over <\/span><b>98% of its population<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lack access to safe and affordable SOTA care.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Disease Burden:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> South Asia had <\/span><b>a higher DALY rate than the LMIC average<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">South Asia contributed <\/span><b>50.46%, 32.49%, 26.67%, and 33.35%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the surgically avertable burden of neonatal and maternal diseases, congenital anomalies, digestive conditions, and injuries respectively.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Economic Burden:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> South Asia contributes to about <\/span><b>7% <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the global lost welfare.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Steps Taken: In India, the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has provided millions of surgeries at zero or negligible cost to the bottom<\/span><b> 40% of Indians.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Pakistan has formulated <\/span><b>a National Surgical Care Vision<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Nepal has initiated an NSOAP.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>World Health Organization Declaration on Safe Surgery (WHO Resolution 68.15): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The LCoGS paved the way for the passage of the WHO Resolution 68.15.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It recognized the impossibility of universal health coverage without the required commitment to emergency and essential surgical systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>2015:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This year can be considered the <\/span><b>\u201cAnnus Mirabilis\u201d or the miracle year <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for global surgery <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as it <\/span><b>proved to be an inflection point<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in recognising the importance of surgical care on a global scale.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Challenges Associated With Global Surgery: Access Barriers, Mortality Burdens, and Policy Neglect for Sustainable Health Impact<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Inaccessibility: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per<\/span><b> the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS),<\/b> <b>five billion people or over 70% <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the global population lack timely access to safe and affordable surgical care when needed.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>99% and 96%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the people in <\/span><b>low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">respectively, face access gaps compared to 24% in high-income countries (HICs). <\/span><b>Disease Burden:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In 2010, around <\/span><b>17 million deaths<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were attributed to surgically treatable conditions.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>As per the Global Surg Collaborative,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> perioperative mortality is the third most common cause of death and it is partly due to the lack of timely care, unsafe surgeries and limited capacity of surgical systems.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>As per the DCPN, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LMICs have over<\/span><b> 77 million surgically<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> avertable <\/span><b>Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALY) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that form <\/span><b>3.5% of the total disease burden in these countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic Burden:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The approximate loss to GDP due to the absence of scale-up of surgical care is <\/span><b>$20.7 trillion (in purchasing power parity terms)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> across 128 countries by 2030.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The annual loss in societal welfare was about <\/span><b>$14.5 trillion for 175 countries.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Neglect of Surgery in Policy-making:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> An analysis of National Health Strategic Plans from 43 African countries noted that 19% did not mention surgery.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An analysis of 70+ years of policymaking in India also has limited attention to surgery.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>A bibliometric analysis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reveals that in 2022, there were only 315 \u2018global surgery\u2019 titles (1.5%) in the Pubmed database compared to 21,453 \u2018global health\u2019 titles.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Neglected Funding: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per Developmental Assistance for Health (DAH), contributions to trauma care are <$1 per DALY compared to $41 per DALY for HIV or $25 for tuberculosis.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Conclusion:<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Surgery is an integral, indivisible component<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of a properly functioning health system, and all people should have access to safe, high-quality surgical and anesthesia care with financial protection when needed. The challenges in global surgery are difficult but solvable.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Research and innovation, policy focus, and sustained financing are key<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to solving global surgery challenges.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><i>News Source: <\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/health\/global-surgery-why-access-to-essential-surgery-is-important\/article67740459.ece#:~:text=Lack%20of%20access%20is%20tied,the%20need%20for%20improved%20access.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><b><i>The Hindu<\/i><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.632%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 199.621%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 46.6527%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NCERT Notes For UPSC<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 152.968%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/daily-current-affairs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UPSC Daily Current Affairs<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 46.6527%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UPSC Blogs<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 152.968%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UPSC Daily Editorials<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Addressing global surgery challenges: Bridging gaps for equitable health outcomes and advancing health equity in LMICs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[2084],"subject":[2125],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/76267"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=76267"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/76267\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":76693,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/76267\/revisions\/76693"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=76267"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=76267"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=76267"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=76267"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}