{"id":127821,"date":"2024-08-24T20:26:36","date_gmt":"2024-08-24T14:56:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=docs&#038;p=127821"},"modified":"2024-10-21T12:26:36","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T06:56:36","password":"","slug":"growth-of-indian-nationalism","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/growth-of-indian-nationalism","title":{"rendered":"Factors Responsible for the Emergence and Growth of Indian Nationalism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/economic-impact-of-british-rule-in-india\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">British colonial rulers<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> opposed the growing Indian national consciousness in the late nineteenth century. <\/span><b>British scholars dismissed India as a mere &#8216;geographical expression,&#8217; with some doubting its ability to unify as a nation.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the 19th century, with the evident growth and strengthening of nationalism, certain British scholars adopted a new stance, started giving credit to the British Raj for the growth of Indian nationalism. Contrary to this narrative, the truth was that Indian nationalism emerged as an unwelcome offspring of the Raj, an entity it initially neglected and later sought to suppress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, a <\/span><b>more accurate perspective<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> recognizes Indian nationalism as a product of a blend of diverse factors.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Factors<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Growth of Vernacular Literature<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The influence of Western education prompted the educated Indians to reflect the<\/span><b> idea of liberty, freedom, and nationalism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through the vernacular literature. They aimed at arousing the masses to oppose British rule being surcharged by the spirit of nationalism.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bankim Chandra Chatterji\u2019s Anand Math<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (which contained the song Vande Mataram) and <\/span><b>Dinabandhu Mitra&#8217;s play Nil Darpan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> extorted tremendous influence upon the people and created anti-British feelings among them.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bhartendu Harish Chandra&#8217;s play Bharat Durdasa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reflected the miserable condition of the Indian masses under British rule.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides several eminent poets and writers in different languages, e.g., <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/rabindranath-tagore-biography\/\"><b>Rabindranath Tagore<\/b><\/a><b> in Bengali, Vishnushastri Chiplunkar in Marathi,<\/b> <b>Lakshminath Bezbaroa in Assamese, Mohammad Hussain Azad and Altaf Hussain Hali in Urdu,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> etc. contributed a lot to rouse nationalism among the local people through their writings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Rediscovery of India\u2019s Past<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Historical research in ancient Indian history, predominantly conducted by European scholars such as <\/span><b>Max Muller, Monier William, Roth, and Session, and Indian scholars like R.G. Bhandarkar, R.L. Mitra, and later Swami Vivekananda, unveiled India&#8217;s rich cultural heritage.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This portrayal showcased well-developed political, economic, and social institutions, thriving trade, a rich cultural heritage, and numerous cities in India&#8217;s past.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Archaeological excavations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> led by scholars like <\/span><b>Marshall and Cunningham<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> presented a compelling narrative of India&#8217;s past grandeur, akin to the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome. Scholars lauded the literary merit and profound psychological insights of the Vedas and Upanishads.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The European theory <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suggesting that the Indo-Aryans shared a common ethnic origin with European nations provided a psychological uplift for educated Indians.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This newfound historical awareness instilled a sense of pride, confidence, and a renewed spirit of patriotism and nationalism among the educated elite. The gained self-respect and confidence empowered nationalists to dispel colonial myths, challenging the notion of India having a history of prolonged servility to foreign rulers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Rise of Middle-Class Intelligentsia<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Rise of the Urban Middle Class: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">British administrative and economic innovations gave birth to a new urban middle class in towns. This class, driven by the <\/span><b>prospect of employment and a sense of prestige<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> linked to English proficiency, swiftly embraced the language. Distinguished by education, a new social standing, and close ties with the <\/span><b>ruling class,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> it emerged prominently.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Percival Spear<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> described this class as &#8220;a well-integrated all-India class with varied backgrounds but a common foreground of knowledge, ideas, and values&#8230; It was a minority in Indian society, but a dynamic minority&#8230; It had a sense of unity of purpose and of hope.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Modern India&#8217;s Leadership: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This dynamic middle class became the driving force of modern India, ultimately infusing the entire nation with its spirit. It assumed a leadership role in all stages of growth for the Indian National Congress, reflecting its significance in shaping modern India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Progressive Character of Socio-religious Reform Movements<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 19th century, educated Indians critically re-evaluated their religious beliefs, customs, and social practices in light of Western science and philosophy. This led to various reform movements in Hinduism, such as<\/span><b> the Brahmo Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, and Theosophical Society<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Similar movements also reformed Muslim, Sikh, and Parsi societies.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Goals of <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/reform-movements-in-southern-india\/\"><b>Reform Movements<\/b><\/a><b>: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The objective of these reform movements was to eradicate <\/span><b>religious evils like superstition, idolatry, polytheism, and hereditary priesthood, and social evils like caste discrimination, untouchability, and other inequalities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that had fragmented Indian society, and advocating for societal recognition based on democratic principles and the ideas of individual and social equality, reason, enlightenment, and liberalism.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Impact of Reformers: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These reformers advocated for human equality, individual liberty, and the abolition of social disparities. Their efforts transformed the mindset of Indians, awakening them from centuries of subjugation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This endeavor had the outcome of<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">uniting diverse sections of society and emerged as a significant factor in the development of Indian nationalism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Impact of Contemporary Movements in the World<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The prevailing strong currents of <\/span><b>nationalist ideas in Europe and South America<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> had a significant influence on Indian nationalism.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The emergence of several national states in South America following the <\/span><b>decline of the Spanish and Portuguese empires<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, along with the national <\/span><b>liberation movements in Greece, Italy, and notably Ireland in Europe<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, profoundly <\/span><b>resonated with the sentiments of Indians<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Educated Indians, while touring Europe, were greatly inspired by these nationalist movements.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, <\/span><b>Surendranath Banerji delivered lectures on Joseph Mazzini<\/b> <b>and the &#8220;Young Italy&#8221;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> movement organized by him.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lala Lajpat Rai frequently referenced the campaigns of Garibaldi and the activities of Carbonaris<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in his speeches and writings.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, the developing nationalism in India received power from the developing nationalism in Europe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Reactionary Policies and Racial Arrogance of Rulers (Racialism)<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The British, through a deliberate<\/span><b> strategy of discrimination and segregation, aimed to perpetuate racial myths<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of white superiority, deeply injuring the sentiments of Indians.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_127825\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-127825\" style=\"width: 422px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-127825\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-20-1.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-20-1.webp 816w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-20-1-272x300.webp 272w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-20-1-768x846.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-127825\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">British Colonial Reactionary Policies<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lytton&#8217;s policy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> aimed to decrease the maximum age limit for the I.C.S. examination from 21 to 19 years (1876).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Holding a grand Delhi Durbar (1877)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during a severe famine sparked criticism and resentment among the Indian population.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The legislation imposed restrictions <\/span><b>on the vernacular press (1878),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> curbing freedom of the press and expression.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Enactment of the Arms Act (1878)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> imposed restrictions on the possession of arms, perceived as oppressive.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The Ilbert Bill (1883) controversy followed, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where<\/span><b> Ripon attempted<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to eliminate\u00a0 <\/span><b>&#8220;judicial disqualification based on race distinctions&#8221;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and grant equal powers to Indian members of the civil service.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to strong opposition from the European community, <\/span><b>the Ilbert Bill had to be modified<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, compromising its original intent. The organized agitation by Europeans to revoke the Ilbert Bill also served as a lesson for nationalists in advocating for their rights and demands.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A regrettable<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aftermath of the Rebellion of 1857 was the<\/span><b> emergence of racial bitterness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between the rulers and the ruled. Illustrations in <\/span><b>the Punch portrayed Indians as a combination of half-gorilla and half-negro<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Anglo-Indian bureaucracy adopted an attitude of arrogance and contempt toward the Indians, subscribing to the belief that the only effective argument with them was superior force.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This led to the development of a European social code of ethics and the formulation of the <\/span><b>theory of a superior race. Europeans concluded that Indians belonged to an inferior race<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, devoid of trustworthiness, often branding them as a nation of liars, perjurers, and forgers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0The Anglo-Indian lobby produced literature promoting these racial stereotypes, particularly against the English.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This narrow-minded perspective triggered a defensive reaction among educated Indians.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Economic Exploitation by the Britishers<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The impact of British rule on the Indian economy was calamitous, as described by <\/span><b>Jawaharlal Nehru, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">who noted that foreign political domination led to the rapid destruction of the economy India had built up, resulting in <\/span><b>&#8220;poverty and degradation beyond measure.&#8221;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Despite claims of social welfare by some British scholars, the actual objective of British policies was the systematic destruction of the traditional Indian economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_127826\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-127826\" style=\"width: 381px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-127826\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-21.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"381\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-21.webp 1310w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-21-246x300.webp 246w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-21-838x1024.webp 838w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-21-768x938.webp 768w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-21-1258x1536.webp 1258w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 381px) 100vw, 381px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-127826\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Economic Exploitation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">British policies in India, spanning agriculture, heavy industry, finance, tariffs, foreign capital investment, foreign trade, and banking, were all designed to preserve the colonial economy. Despite British intentions,<\/span><b> modern capitalist enterprise emerged in India in the 1860s<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, causing concern among British textile manufacturers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic Motives Behind British Expansion: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the first half of the nineteenth century, Britain, in the throes of the Industrial Revolution, sought cheap raw materials and a market for its industrial products.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>controversy over Cotton Duties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a prime example, with British capitalists lobbying for changes that suited their sectional interests.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The \u00a3-Re-exchange ratio <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was manipulated to the disadvantage of Indian industry and foreign trade, making it evident that when British economic interests clashed with Indian economic development, the latter was sacrificed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic Stagnation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extravagant civil and military administration, denial of high posts to Indians, mounting <\/span><b>&#8220;Home Charges,&#8221;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the continuous drain of wealth from India resulted in the stagnation of the Indian economy.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Famine Crisis:: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Periodic famines, with 24 occurring during the second half of the 19th century, claimed an estimated toll of 28 million lives<\/span><b>.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even during famines, food grain exports from India continued.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Landlordism and Exploitation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The British, in <\/span><b>collaboration with local money lenders, created absentee landlords<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, perpetuating the exploitation of the Indian masses and plunging them deeper into poverty.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The detrimental impact of British exploitation was evident in the Indian economy, as highlighted by<\/span><b> Dadabhai Naoroji&#8217;s theory of agricultural decay and the criticisms of G. V. Josh and Ranade against the decline of Indian handicrafts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The discriminatory economic and fiscal policies of the British sparked a sharp reaction and gave rise to economic nationalism in India.\u00a0 Indian nationalists formulated the <\/span><b>&#8220;theory of increasing poverty in India,&#8221;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> attributing it to Britain&#8217;s anti-India economic policies. This narrative linked poverty with foreign rule, fostering a hatred for foreign rule and a preference for <\/span><b>Swadeshi goods and Swadeshi rule<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This psychological shift provided a significant boost to the spirit of nationalism.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Foreign Personalities\u00a0 Contribution in India&#8217;s Freedom Struggle\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Numerous foreign individuals, inspired by India&#8217;s rich culture, history, and struggle for freedom, made India their home and actively participated in the independence movement. They played crucial roles in different aspects of the struggle, from providing intellectual input to actively participating in protests and campaigns.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following were the Foreign Personalities:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Female Personalities<\/b><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Annie Besant:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> She was an Irish-born British socialist, theosophist, and women&#8217;s rights activist, who played a significant role in the Indian freedom struggle. She became involved in Indian politics and joined the <\/span><b>Indian National Congress (INC).<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besant played a key role in launching the <\/span><b>Home Rule League movement in 1916, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which aimed at achieving self-government for India within the British Empire.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Her contributions helped create awareness about India&#8217;s political aspirations and garnered support for the independence movement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sister Nivedita: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sister Nivedita was a social worker, author, and disciple of <\/span><b>Swami Vivekananda.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> She dedicated her life to India&#8217;s cultural and national awakening. Nivedita actively supported Indian revolutionaries like<\/span><b> Aurobindo Ghosh and Bagha Jatin <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and was known to have provided financial and moral support to their activities.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Her writings and lectures helped create awareness about the need for India&#8217;s independence and the upliftment of its people.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Saint Teresa <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of Calcutta, an Albanian- Roman Catholic nun and missionary to India exemplifies the contributions of foreigners to India. Not only for social causes, but they also contributed significantly to the Indian freedom struggle.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Male Personalities<\/b><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>William Jones: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was well acquainted with Indian traditions and led the debate in favour of Eastern education in vernacular language. Though they could not succeed in their efforts, it highlights the respect and <\/span><b>recognition of Indian tradition.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>A. O. Hume: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allan Octavian Hume, a British civil servant, was a prominent figure in the early phase of the Indian freedom struggle.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He is best known for his role in founding the<\/span><b> Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although Hume&#8217;s vision for the INC was initially limited to facilitating communication between the British administration and the Indian people, the organization later evolved into a major platform for the struggle for Indian independence.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mira Alfassa (The Mother): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mira Alfassa, also known as The Mother, was a French national who became a s<\/span><b>piritual collaborator of Sri Aurobindo.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> She played an essential role in spreading Aurobindo&#8217;s spiritual and nationalist ideas in India and abroad.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While her primary focus was on <\/span><b>spiritual work,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> her support for Indian nationalists and their cause contributed to the broader struggle for Indian independence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>G. Horniman<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: he was the best-regarded newspaper editor of his era who developed the Bombay Chronicle as one of nationalism\u2019s most effective platforms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.2171%; height: 120px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 165.675%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center; height: 30px;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.7849%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/\"><b>Current Affairs<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 115.891%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\"><b>Editorial Analysis<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.7849%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\"><b>Upsc Notes\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 115.891%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\"><b>Upsc Blogs\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.7849%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\"><b>NCERT Notes<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 115.891%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\"><b>Free Main Answer Writing<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/nationalism-in-india\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian nationalism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> develops as a multifaceted fabric having various strands. The quest for autonomy in pre-Congress associations, global movements, middle-class intelligentsia, and economic exploitation are interconnected. A nation\u2019s resilience is portrayed through the historical narrative marked by the response to colonial policies and societal transformations. Indian nationalism has a rich mosaic that incorporates each regional voice as well as the demand for social reform. India\u2019s independence was pushed by interacting powers that represented a spirit of fierce resistance and strong will. It is a brief historical outline that highlights the intricacies that characterize India\u2019s struggle for liberation as well the hopes that have pushed the country to fight continuously to gain independence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><i>Sign up for the <\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b><i>PWOnlyIAS Online Course by Physics Wallah<\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i> and start your journey to IAS success today!<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 99.0541%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Related Articles\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 49.5946%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/economic-impact-of-british-rule-in-india\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic Impact Of British Rule In India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 49.4595%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/reform-movements-in-southern-india\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reform Movements in Southern India &#038; Social Transformation<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 49.5946%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/rabindranath-tagore-biography\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rabindranath Tagore Biography<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 49.4595%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/nationalism-in-india\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Rise of Nationalism in India: Key Events and Movements<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Examine the historical elements that contributed to the growth of Indian nationalism; this will help in your UPSC exam preparation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[5647],"doc_tag":[5655],"acf":[],"year_month":"2026-04","word_count":2213,"total_views":"0","reactions":{"happy":"1","normal":"0","sad":"0"},"author_info":{"name":"Priyanka","author_nicename":"priyanka6","author_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/author\/priyanka6"},"doc_category_info":[{"term_name":"Modern History","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-category\/modern-history"}],"doc_tag_info":[{"term_name":"Rise of Nationalism in India","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-tag\/rise-of-nationalism-in-india"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/127821"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=127821"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/127821\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":138690,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/127821\/revisions\/138690"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=127821"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=127821"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=127821"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}