{"id":128991,"date":"2024-08-31T17:15:07","date_gmt":"2024-08-31T11:45:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=docs&#038;p=128991"},"modified":"2024-10-23T11:30:08","modified_gmt":"2024-10-23T06:00:08","password":"","slug":"revolutionary-movements-1920s-india","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/revolutionary-movements-1920s-india","title":{"rendered":"Revolutionary Movement of the 1920s: The Resurgence of Radical Nationalism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sudden cessation of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/non-cooperation-movement-1919-1922\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-Cooperation Movement<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> left numerous individuals disheartened, prompting them to question the core strategy of the nationalist leadership. Since they did not find appeal in the <\/span><b>Swarajist&#8217;s parliamentary<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> endeavors or the <\/span><b>No-changers patient, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">uneventful, constructive efforts, these younger nationalists gravitated towards the belief that <\/span><b>violent methods<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> alone could liberate India. Consequently, the resurgence of revolutionary terrorism ensued.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Why Attraction for Revolutionary Activity after Non-Cooperation Movement<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Revolutionary factions embraced the tenets of the non-cooperation initiative:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In the aftermath of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/first-world-war\/\"><b>First World War<\/b><\/a><b>,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the dissenters found themselves ensnared in a web of severe suppression. However, a <\/span><b>transformative tide <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">swept over the land in the early 1920s when the government, to cultivate an atmosphere conducive to the Montford Reforms, extended a broad amnesty, liberating many.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Gandhi&#8217;s Leadership: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was amidst this newfound freedom that Gandhi, a beacon of resistance, ignited the <\/span><b>Non-Cooperation Movement.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Revolutionary Factions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guided by the persuasive eloquence of Gandhi and the sagacious counsel of <\/span><b>C.R. Das,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> numerous revolutionary factions were swayed.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They either willingly embraced the tenets of the non-cooperation initiative or chose to halt their <\/span><b>militant endeavors,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> offering the <\/span><b>non-violent Non-Cooperation Movement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> an opportunity to flourish.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Abrupt cessation of the Non-Cooperation Movement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Amidst the abrupt cessation of the Non-Cooperation Movement, a wave of disillusionment swept through the ranks.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doubt crept in, questioning the <\/span><b>fundamental approach of nationalist leadership<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and placing non-violence under scrutiny.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Flames of revolutionary fervor rekindled:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Restive minds sought alternatives, disenchanted with the parliamentary endeavors of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/swarajists-in-india\/\"><b>Swarajists<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and unimpressed by the patient, unassuming efforts of the <\/span><b>No-changers.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These fervent young nationalists, discontented and yearning for change, found solace in the notion that<\/span><b> India&#8217;s liberation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> could be achieved through forceful means alone.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, the flames of revolutionary fervor were rekindled.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Almost all prominent figures advocating revolutionary doctrines had ardently engaged in the Non-Cooperation Movement. This distinguished roster featured names like <\/span><b>Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, Surya Sen, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Chandrasekhar Azad, Shiv Verma, Bhagwaticharan Vohra, Jaidev Kapur, and Jatin Das.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span class=\"vc_button\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/i><\/a><i><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Major Influences<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gradually two separate strands of revolutionary terrorism developed \u2014 one in Punjab, U.P. and Bihar and the other in Bengal. Both strands came under the influence of several new social forces.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Surge in working-class trade unionism:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Following the War, there was a notable surge in <\/span><b>working-class trade unionism.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The revolutionaries recognized the <\/span><b>immense revolutionary potential<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> within this emerging class and sought to harness it for the cause of nationalist revolution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Impact of Russian Revolution:<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> Russian Revolution of 1917<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> marked a pivotal moment in history. The resounding success of the young Soviet state in consolidating itself reverberated across the globe.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Emerging communism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Emerging communist factions, <\/span><b>newly sprouted,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> emphasized core <\/span><b>tenets of Marxism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>socialism,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the upliftment of the proletariat class.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Impact of Journals and Novels:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Journals emerged, publishing memoirs and articles extolling the profound self-sacrifice of revolutionaries, exemplified by publications like <\/span><b>Atmasakti, Sarathi, and Bijoli.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Novels and works like &#8220;<\/span><b>Bandi Jiwan&#8221; by Sachin Sanyal and &#8220;Pather Dabi&#8221; by Sharatchandra Chatterjee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> gained significant attention. Interestingly, a government ban only served to enhance their popularity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>In Punjab-United Provinces-Bihar<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The revolutionary endeavors in this region were primarily led by the Hindustan Republican Association\/Army (HRA), later rechristened as the <\/span><b>Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In October 1924, the HRA was established in Kanpur by visionaries <\/span><b>Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, and Sachin Sanyal.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>The HSRA had a three-fold objective<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>To rouse the consciousness <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the people of India to the futility of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/gandhian-principles\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gandhian<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> methods of non-violence,\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>To demonstrate the need and desirability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Direct Action and Revolution to achieve complete independence,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ideologically inspired by the <\/span><b>Russian Revolution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Socialist thought,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the Association hoped to substitute British imperialism in India with a federated Republic of the United States of India.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The revolutionaries also introduced a newness in their methods to finance their activities. Henceforth they decided not to plunder private individuals but to make government treasuries alone as the target of their dacoities.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Kakori Robbery (August 1925)<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Strategic Preparation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before engaging in armed struggle, a comprehensive propaganda effort had to be organized on a large scale.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This required recruitment and training of individuals as well as<\/span><b> procuring arms,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> all of which necessitated financial resources.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>A defining moment of HSRA:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The pivotal event for the HRA was the Kakori Robbery, which took place on <\/span><b>August 9, 1925<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ten men intercepted the 8-Down train at Kakori, a remote village <\/span><b>near Lucknow<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and looted its official railway funds.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Government Crackdown: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government swiftly reacted with force, arresting a significant number of young men and putting them on trial in the Kakori Conspiracy Case.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span class=\"vc_button\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/i><\/a><i><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Ashfaqulla Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, R\u00e0shan Singh, and Rajendra Lahiri <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">were executed, four others were sent to the Andamans for life, and seventeen others received long prison sentences.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>Chandrashekhar Azad,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> however, managed to evade capture.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 98.8956%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 359.351%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.4003%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/\"><b>Current Affairs<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 308.951%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\"><b>Editorial Analysis<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.4003%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\"><b>Upsc Notes\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 308.951%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\"><b>Upsc Blogs\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.4003%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\"><b>NCERT Notes<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 308.951%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\"><b>Free Main Answer Writing<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sudden halt of the <\/span><b>Non-Cooperation Movement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> left many young nationalists disillusioned, leading them to adopt revolutionary activities as the only viable path to Indian independence. Influenced by global events like the <\/span><b>Russian Revolution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>domestic socio-economic changes,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> these revolutionaries, undeterred by the <\/span><b>government&#8217;s harsh reprisals, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reignited the flames of revolutionary terrorism, laying the groundwork for future struggles that would eventually lead to <\/span><b>India&#8217;s liberation.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><i>Sign up for the<\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <b><i>PWOnlyIAS Online Course by Physics Wallah<\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i> and start your journey to IAS success today!<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.8055%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 157.693%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Related Articles\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.044%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/swarajists-in-india\/\">Emergence of Swarajists and No-Changers<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 107.649%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/first-world-war\/\">First World War and Nationalist Response<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.044%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/non-cooperation-movement-1919-1922\/\">Non Cooperation Movement 1920<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 107.649%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/gandhian-principles\/\">GANDHIAN PRINCIPLES: DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>To help you prepare for the UPSC Exam, learn about the rise in revolutionary movements in 1920s India as young nationalists became disillusioned with the Non-Cooperation Movement&#8217;s halt and turned to radical methods.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[5647],"doc_tag":[5672],"acf":[],"year_month":"2026-04","word_count":932,"total_views":"0","reactions":{"happy":"0","normal":"1","sad":"0"},"author_info":{"name":"Priyanka","author_nicename":"priyanka6","author_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/author\/priyanka6"},"doc_category_info":[{"term_name":"Modern History","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-category\/modern-history"}],"doc_tag_info":[{"term_name":"Revolutionary Activities During 1920s","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-tag\/revolutionary-activities-during-1920s"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/128991"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=128991"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/128991\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":139233,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/128991\/revisions\/139233"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=128991"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=128991"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=128991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}