{"id":130513,"date":"2024-09-07T16:35:12","date_gmt":"2024-09-07T11:05:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=docs&#038;p=130513"},"modified":"2024-10-24T14:30:40","modified_gmt":"2024-10-24T09:00:40","password":"","slug":"congress-rule-1937-1939-governance-reforms","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/congress-rule-1937-1939-governance-reforms","title":{"rendered":"Twenty-Eight Months of Congress Rule: Governance, Reforms, and Resignation (1937-1939)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/early-phase-indian-national-congress\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian National Congress<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> formed governments in <\/span><b>8 out of 11 provinces in British India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and ruled from<\/span><b> February 1937 to October 1939. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Those were Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, Orissa, Bihar, United Provinces, and later NWFP and Assam. T<\/span><b>he Congress Working Committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> accepted the office under the act of 1935. The Congress was now to function both as a government in the provinces and as the opposition vis-a-vis the <\/span><b>Central government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where effective state power lay. It was a historically unique situation to bring about social reforms through the effective use of legislature and administration in provinces and at the same time carry on their <\/span><b>struggle for independence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and prepare the people for the <\/span><b>next stage of mass struggle.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Work under Congress Ministries<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Impact of Congress Ministries: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The formation of Ministries by<\/span><b> Congress <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">changed the entire psychological atmosphere in the country.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There was great enthusiasm among people, along with an <\/span><b>increase in the prestige of Congress.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Congress got an opportunity to demonstrate that it could not only lead people into mass struggle but could also <\/span><b>use State power for their benefit.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Limitations of Congress Ministries: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the Congress ministries had some basic limitations regarding <\/span><b>power and financial resources.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also, they could not, through their administration, change the basic imperialist character of the system or introduce a radical era.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even then, Congress tried to give the people a glimpse of the future Swaraj in their tenure of <\/span><b>two years and four months by introducing reforms, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">taking ameliorative measures, and improving the condition of the people.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span class=\"vc_button\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/i><\/a><i><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Gandhi\u2019s Advice to Congressmen<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As Gandhiji wrote on the meaning of office acceptance in Harijan on 7 august 1937 &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To hold the office lightly and not tightly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">See office as a crown of thorns accepted to quicken the pace towards the nationalist goal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use office in a way not expected or intended by the British.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prove that the Congress can rule with least assistance from the police and the Army.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Civil Liberties<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Congress had an old commitment towards defense and extension of civil liberties, which was achieved in their tenure as follows,<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All <\/span><b>emergency powers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">acquired by the provincial governments during 1932, through Public Safety Acts, etc were repealed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ban on, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">previously declared illegal, political organizations, like <\/span><b>Hindustan Seva Dal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>Youth Leagues<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and on political books and journals were lifted.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Press restrictions were removed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Newspapers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">were taken out of black lists and securities were refunded<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Confiscated arms were returned and forfeited arms licenses were restored.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Police powers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were curbed and<\/span><b> CID <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stopped shadowing politicians.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Political prisoners<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and detainees were released and deportation and interment orders were revoked. For example, many of the revolutionaries involved in<\/span><b> Kakori<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>other conspiracy cases <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">were released.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The difference between <\/span><b>Congress provinces <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>non-congress provinces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of <\/span><b>Bengal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>Punjab <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was most apparent. In the latter, civil liberties continued to be curbed and revolutionary prisoners were kept in jails for years without any trial.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>Bombay,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> confiscated land was restored to its original owners, which was taken during the Civil Disobedience Movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pensions of officials associated with the Civil Disobedience Movement were restored.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, there were certain blemishes in the successful performance of congress ministries. One of which was the arrest of <\/span><b>Yusuf Maherally<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a socialist arrested by the <\/span><b>Madras government <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for inflammatory speeches, but later released. Also, <\/span><b>K.M. Munshi, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">one of the right-wing Congress ministers and the <\/span><b>Home Minister of Bombay,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> used the <\/span><b>CID<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to watch the Communists and other left-wing Congressmen.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Agrarian Reforms<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Congress was committed by its election manifesto and the election campaign to a policy of agrarian reform through reform in the <\/span><b>land tenure system, rent reduction, land revenue, and the burden of debt.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> However, the Congress could not attempt a complete overhaul of the agrarian structure by completely abolishing the zamindari system. The following were the\u00a0 constraints in doing so:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per the constitutional<\/span><b> structure of the 1935 Act,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the provincial ministries didn\u2019t have enough powers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There was an extreme lack of financial resources as the<\/span><b> lion\u2019s share<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was appropriated by the Government of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The existing administrative structure couldn\u2019t be touched, whose sanctity was guarded by the Viceroy and Governor\u2019s power.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The strategy of <\/span><b>class adjustment, as Zamindars <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">etc., had to be conciliated and neutralized.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There was a time constraint as the logic of Congress politics was based on confrontation rather than cooperation with colonialism. Also, war clouds became apparent in Europe from 1938 onwards.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Presence of a reactionary second chamber, in the form of legislative councils, dominated by <\/span><b>landlords, capitalists <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>moneylenders, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">who were elected on a very narrow franchise. It has to be conciliated for their support in necessary legislation. For example, the Bihar government negotiated a compromise with the Zamindars on its tenancy bills.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, the <\/span><b>agrarian structure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was too complex and complicated in various parts of the country, with a lack of information about things like land rights, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite these constraints, the <\/span><b>agrarian policy of Congress Ministers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">went a long way towards promoting the interests of the peasantry. The Congress ministries managed to legislate on issues dealing with questions of tenancy rights, land reforms, forest grazing fees, rent arrears, security of tenure, rents of the tenants and the problem of rural indebtedness. To enumerate the achievements and legislations:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In<\/span><b> UP <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a<\/span><b> tenancy act <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was passed in<\/span><b> October 1939 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which gave full hereditary rights to statutory tenants of Agra and Oudh, while taking away the landlord\u2019s right to prevent the growth of occupancy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All illegal exactions like<\/span><b> nazrana (forced gifts)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>beggar (forced unpaid labour)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were abolished.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In<\/span><b> UP, occupancy rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were granted to under-ryots if they had cultivated the land for 12 years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ceiling on the landlord\u2019s share was not to exceed 9\/20 of produce in case of share-cropping<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The only right that the landlord retained was the right to get his rent which was reduced significantly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Orissa, a <\/span><b>tenancy bill<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was <\/span><b>passed in May 1938<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> granting the right of free transfer of occupancy holdings, reducing the interest on arrears of rent from 12.5 to 6 per cent and abolishing all illegal levies on tenants.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Except for <\/span><b>U.P, and Assam, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the congress Ministries also passed a series of stringent debtors\u2019 relief acts which provided for regulation of moneylenders\u2019 business &#8211; like cancellation or drastic reduction of accumulated interest ranging from<\/span><b> 6.25% in Madras to 9% in Bombay and Bihar.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Nature of Agrarian Legislation<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Provincial Variations in Agrarian Legislation:\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agrarian legislation by these Ministries differed from province to province depending on <\/span><b>different agrarian relations,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the mass base of Congress, the <\/span><b>class composition, and the outlook of provincial Congress organization<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and leadership.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like, it was more radical and quick in Bihar vis-a-vis UP. It improved and secured the status of <\/span><b>millions of tenants in Zamindari areas.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, most of the benefits went to the <\/span><b>statutory and occupancy tenants,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> while sub-tenants and agricultural laborers did not gain much.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Madras Agrarian Reform Proposal: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Madras, a committee led b<\/span><b>y T. Prakasam (1872-1957),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who served as the <\/span><b>Revenue Minister,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> proposed that in areas covered by the<\/span><b> Permanent Zamindari Settlement, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the ryot (cultivator) rather than the zamindar should be considered the rightful owner of the land.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consequently, <\/span><b>rental rates established in 1802 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when the Settlement was initially instituted should be reinstated.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Impact of Rent Reduction Proposal: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This adjustment would have resulted in a significant reduction of rents, approximately two-thirds lower, effectively dismantling the Zamindari system.<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/rajagopalachari-formula-1945\/\"><b>C. Rajagopalachari<\/b><\/a><b>, the Premier, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">expressed full support for this recommendation and dismissed the idea of compensating the zamindars.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Legislative Assembly adopted a resolution in <\/span><b>January 1939 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to endorse these proposals, but the Ministry resigned before a bill could be formulated.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span class=\"vc_button\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/i><\/a><i><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Congress Ministries&#8217; Resignation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Congress Ministries resigned in protest because the then<\/span><b> Viceroy Lord Linlithgow (1936-1944) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">action of declared India to be belligerent in<\/span><b> World War II <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">without even consulting the Indian people.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.8896%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 363.202%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.4572%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/\"><b>Current Affairs<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 312.745%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\"><b>Editorial Analysis<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.4572%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\"><b>Upsc Notes\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 312.745%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\"><b>Upsc Blogs\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.4572%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\"><b>NCERT Notes<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 312.745%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\"><b>Free Main Answer Writing<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Congress&#8217;s rule from <\/span><b>February 1937 to October 1939 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">marked a significant yet complex chapter in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/impact-of-british-policy-on-the-indian-economy\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">British India&#8217;s history<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Despite limitations imposed by colonial constraints and financial restrictions, Congress ministries achieved n<\/span><b>otable reforms in civil liberties and agrarian policies.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Their tenure highlighted both their ability to effect meaningful change and the challenges of navigating colonial politics. The<\/span><b> resignation of Congress ministries <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">over India&#8217;s involvement in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/world-war-ii-and-indian-nationalism\/\"><b>World War II <\/b><\/a><b>underscored the continuing struggle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for complete self-governance and independence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><i>Sign up for the<\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <b><i>PWOnlyIAS Online Course by Physics Wallah<\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i> and start your journey to IAS success today!<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.298%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 235.329%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Related Articles\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.0168%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/rajagopalachari-formula-1945\/\">Rajagopalachari Formula<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 185.312%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/world-war-ii-and-indian-nationalism\/\">World War II\u2019s Impact on Indian Nationalism<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.0168%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/early-phase-indian-national-congress\/\">Indian National Congress<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 185.312%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/impact-of-british-policy-on-the-indian-economy\/\">British Policy in India<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>To help you prepare for the UPSC Exam, learn about the 28-month Congress rule (1937\u20131939) in British India, which was characterized by agrarian reforms, civil liberties, and the eventual resignation over India&#8217;s involvement in WWII.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[5647],"doc_tag":[5718],"acf":[],"year_month":"2026-04","word_count":1434,"total_views":0,"reactions":{"happy":0,"normal":0,"sad":0},"author_info":{"name":"Priyanka","author_nicename":"priyanka6","author_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/author\/priyanka6"},"doc_category_info":[{"term_name":"Modern History","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-category\/modern-history"}],"doc_tag_info":[{"term_name":"Twenty Eight Months of Congress Rule","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-tag\/twenty-eight-months-of-congress-rule"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/130513"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=130513"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/130513\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":139282,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/130513\/revisions\/139282"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130513"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=130513"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=130513"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}