{"id":132932,"date":"2024-09-19T19:01:24","date_gmt":"2024-09-19T13:31:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=docs&#038;p=132932"},"modified":"2024-12-21T14:49:24","modified_gmt":"2024-12-21T09:19:24","password":"","slug":"inter-state-water-disputes-india","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/inter-state-water-disputes-india","title":{"rendered":"Inter-State Water Disputes in India: Constitutional Provisions, Key Cases and Solutions &#8211; (Part 01)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/inter-state-water-disputes\/\"><b>Inter-State water disputes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> arise from complex interactions between<\/span><b> State and Central authorities <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">over shared river resources. The Constitution provides frameworks for resolving these disputes, including specific provisions for <\/span><b>adjudication and regulatory roles for the Central Government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Despite these mechanisms, disputes remain persistent due to<\/span><b> outdated agreements<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>political tensions.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Inter-State Water Disputes in India<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Constitutional Provisions<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Entry 17<\/b> <b>of the State List:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It grants<\/span><b> States the authority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to legislate on matters related to water, including <\/span><b>water supply, irrigation, canals, drainage, embankments, water storage, and hydroelectricity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Entry 56 of the Union List: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Empowers the <\/span><b>Central government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to regulate and develop <\/span><b>inter-State rivers and river valleys<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as deemed necessary by Parliament in the <\/span><b>public interest<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 262(1): Parliament <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may by law provide for the <\/span><b>adjudication of any dispute or complaint <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with respect to the <\/span><b>use, distribution or control of the waters of<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in any inter-State river or river valley.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 262(2):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, <\/span><b>Parliament may, by law, provide that neither the <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/jurisdiction-powers-supreme-court-of-india\/\"><b>Supreme Court<\/b><\/a><b> nor any other court <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint as is referred to in clause (1)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span class=\"vc_button\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/i><\/a><i><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Laws Passed by the Parliament<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>River Board Act, 1956: Establishment of River Boards for Intergovernmental Consultation<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Lack of River Basin Formation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although enacted in 1956, the <\/span><b>Rivers Act has not led to the formation of any river basins<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under its provisions.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Centre&#8217;s Authority to Establish River Boards<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The Centre maintains the authority to establish River Boards through official notification, <\/span><b>either in response to a State government&#8217;s request or independently.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Function of River Boards: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These River Boards function as<\/span><b> advisory bodies to the governments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, offering expert guidance on matters concerning river management and development.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Composition of River Boards<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Each River Board consists of a<\/span><b> Chairman and other members appointed by the Central government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ensuring a diverse range of expertise and perspectives in the decision-making process.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Role of River Boards:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Boards play a crucial role in promoting <\/span><b>intergovernmental cooperation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, facilitating the<\/span><b> integrated management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of river basins, and encouraging <\/span><b>sustainable water resource utilization<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Addressing Common Challenges<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: They address common challenges faced by States sharing a river system, contributing to<\/span><b> effective and collaborative governance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in river-related matters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Inter State Water Dispute Act 1956: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Inter-State River Water Disputes Act of 1956 establishes a <\/span><b>tribunal to adjudicate disputes or complaints <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relating to the<\/span><b> use, distribution, or control <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of inter-State river waters.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Composition of the Tribunal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: <\/span><b>Chairman and two other members<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nominated by the <\/span><b>Chief Justice of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from among sitting judges of the Supreme Court or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/high-court\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High Courts<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Parliament&#8217;s Authority to Exclude Jurisdiction of Courts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Clause (2) of the Act empowers<\/span><b> Parliament to enact legislation that excludes the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>other courts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in matters related to inter-State river water disputes, vesting the<\/span><b> tribunal with exclusive authority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to resolve such issues.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ensuring Specialized Adjudication<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: This provision ensures specialised and focused adjudication of these complex and sensitive matters.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Inter-State Water Disputes in India: A Complex Web of Factors<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India&#8217;s water resources are intricately linked to its<\/span><b> political landscape, giving rise to numerous inter-State water disputes.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>These disputes stem from a complex interplay of factors, including:<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Inter-State River Network: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over <\/span><b>80% of India&#8217;s rivers flow across multiple States<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, creating the basis for numerous water resource conflicts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Outdated Agreements:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Many existing inter-State water agreements, dating back over a century, were formulated <\/span><b>without considering the evolving socio-economic, political, and geographical dynamics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, leading to disputes over water allocation and sharing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Politicisation of Water: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water has become increasingly entangled in the political arena, transforming water disputes into battlegrounds for<\/span><b> vote-bank politics.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Unidimensional Tribunal Composition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The tribunals tasked with resolving inter-State water disputes often lack multidisciplinary representation, <\/span><b>relying solely on legal expertise<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This narrow composition overlooks the <\/span><b>technical, environmental, and social dimensions of<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/water-management-in-india\/\"><b> water management<\/b><\/a><b>.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Inadequate Water Data: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The absence of authoritative water data that is <\/span><b>mutually acceptable <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to all parties hinders the process of dispute resolution, making it <\/span><b>difficult to establish a baseline for adjudication.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Prolonged Legal Battles: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inter-State water disputes often <\/span><b>entangle parties in protracted legal proceedings<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, characterised by extreme delays and a <\/span><b>lack of timely resolutions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Example:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The <\/span><b>Godavari water dispute<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, for instance, took over 17 years to reach a conclusion, while the Cauvery water dispute spanned over two decades.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Opaque Institutional Framework: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The institutional framework governing inter-State water disputes <\/span><b>lacks transparency<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with <\/span><b>unclear guidelines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and<\/span><b> inadequate mechanisms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for ensuring compliance with tribunal awards.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Challenges and Solutions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These factors have collectively contributed to the persistent water disputes that <\/span><b>plague India&#8217;s inter-State river management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><b> hindering sustainable water resource utilisation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and exacerbating conflicts between States.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Addressing these underlying issues is crucial for achieving <\/span><b>effective and equitable water governance across the country<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-132938 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/unnamed-14-2.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"472\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/unnamed-14-2.webp 472w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/unnamed-14-2-248x300.webp 248w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/h2>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Related Cases<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>The Cauvery Water Dispute: A Non-Compliance and Conflict<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Introduction of the Dispute<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The Cauvery River water dispute has been a longstanding issue between the Indian States o<\/span><b>f Tamil Nadu and Karnataka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Intervention by Central Government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: In 1970, the <\/span><b>Tamil Nadu<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> government requested the Central government&#8217;s intervention, leading to the establishment of the <\/span><b>Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal in 1990 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">following<\/span><b> Supreme Court directives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Interim Order by the Tribunal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: In 1991, the tribunal issued an interim order instructing <\/span><b>Karnataka to release water to Tamil Nadu<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Karnataka&#8217;s Non-Compliance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Despite this, <\/span><b>Karnataka refused to comply<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, escalating tensions between the two States.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Final Verdict by the Tribunal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: After 16 years of hearings, the<\/span><b> tribunal delivered its final verdict in 2007<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, allocating<\/span><b> 419 tmcft of water to Tamil Nadu<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>270 tmcft to Karnataka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Supreme Court Charges Karnataka with Contempt<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: However, <\/span><b>Karnataka persisted in resisting water release<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, resulting in the Supreme Court charging the State with <\/span><b>contempt of court in 2013<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Tamil Nadu Petitions Supreme Court<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: In 2016, Tamil Nadu petitioned the Supreme Court to enforce the<\/span><b> tribunal&#8217;s guidelines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and ensure<\/span><b> water release from Karnataka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Protests in Karnataka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: This order led to <\/span><b>protests in Karnataka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with concerns raised about <\/span><b>their own water scarcity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>The Sutlej-Yamuna Link Canal<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Introduction of the SYL Canal Project<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL) canal project, aimed at <\/span><b>diverting water from the Sutlej River to Haryana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, has been embroiled in a long and contentious dispute between the<\/span><b> States of Punjab and Haryana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Historical Context<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Following the <\/span><b>bifurcation of Haryana from Punjab in 1966<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Punjab initially resisted sharing water with Haryana, citing the <\/span><b>riparian principle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which asserts that the<\/span><b> water of a river belongs to the States or countries through which it flows<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Project Commencement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: However, in 1981, the<\/span><b> two States reached a mutual agreement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on water reallocation, and <\/span><b>construction of the SYL canal began in 1982<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Project Commencement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: However, the project faced strong <\/span><b>opposition in Punjab<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, leading to agitations and the eventual<\/span><b> halt of construction work<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In response, <\/span><b>Haryana moved the Supreme Court<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to compel Punjab to complete the canal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Punjab&#8217;s Legislative Action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: In a significant turn of events, the Punjab Assembly passed the<\/span><b> Punjab Termination of Agreements Act in 2004<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, effectively terminating its water-sharing agreements with Haryana and<\/span><b> jeopardising the SYL project<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Supreme Court&#8217;s Intervention<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: This action prompted the<\/span><b> Supreme Court to declare the act constitutionally invalid<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ruling that Punjab had reneged on its commitment to share water resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Supreme Court&#8217;s Directive for Negotiations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: In 2020, the <\/span><b>Supreme Court directed the Chief Ministers of Punjab and Haryana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to engage in negotiations at the highest political level, <\/span><b>mediated by the Central government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, to resolve the SYL canal issue once and for all.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Current Status and Future Outlook<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The outcome of these negotiations remains to be seen, but the <\/span><b>SYL canal dispute continues to cast a shadow over inter-State water management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>The Krishna Water Dispute<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Introduction of the Krishna Water Dispute<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The Krishna Water Dispute, a long-standing issue over the allocation of Krishna River water among th<\/span><b>e States of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Maharashtra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, took a <\/span><b>new turn following the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh in 2014.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Andhra Pradesh&#8217;s Request Post-Bifurcation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Andhra Pradesh, now a smaller State, sought to include<\/span><b> Telangana as a separate party<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal (KWDT) and <\/span><b>to revise the water allocation among the four<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> States instead of the existing three-State arrangement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Legal Basis for the Request<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: This request was based on <\/span><b>Section 89 of The Andhra Pradesh State Reorganisation Act, 2014<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Opposition from Karnataka and Maharashtra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: However, Karnataka and Maharashtra, the other riparian States, opposed this proposal, arguing that <\/span><b>Telangana&#8217;s share should be carved out of Andhra Pradesh&#8217;s existing allocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as Telangana was part of Andhra Pradesh when the initial allocation was determined by the KWDT.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Complexities of Water Resource Management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: This dispute highlights the complexities of<\/span><b> inter-State water resource management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the challenges of<\/span><b> adjusting water allocations <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when State boundaries change.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Future Challenges and Solutions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><b> Finding a solution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that is fair to all parties and ensures <\/span><b>sustainable water management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the Krishna River basin remains a <\/span><b>critical task for the Indian government.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-132828 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/unnamed-47.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/unnamed-47.webp 1920w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/unnamed-47-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/unnamed-47-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/unnamed-47-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/unnamed-47-1536x864.webp 1536w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/unnamed-47-1568x882.webp 1568w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span class=\"vc_button\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/i><\/a><i><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.4976%; height: 120px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 365.965%; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50.1279%; text-align: center; height: 30px; background-color: #e9ebe8; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/\"><b>Current Affairs<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 315.837%; text-align: center; height: 30px; background-color: #e9ebe8; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\"><b>Editorial Analysis<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50.1279%; text-align: center; height: 30px; background-color: #e9ebe8; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\"><b>Upsc Notes\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 315.837%; text-align: center; height: 30px; background-color: #e9ebe8; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\"><b>Upsc Blogs\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50.1279%; text-align: center; height: 30px; background-color: #e9ebe8; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\"><b>NCERT Notes<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 315.837%; text-align: center; height: 30px; background-color: #e9ebe8; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\"><b>Free Main Answer Writing<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Addressing<\/span><b> inter-State water disputes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> requires<\/span><b> updating legal frameworks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and improving <\/span><b>cooperative measures <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">between States.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effective dispute resolution hinges on <\/span><b>transparent processes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>inclusive tribunals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensuring fair water distribution and <\/span><b>managing resources sustainably<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are crucial for reducing conflicts and<\/span><b> promoting harmony between States<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><i>Sign up for the<\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <b><i>PWOnlyIAS Online Course by Physics Wallah<\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i> and start your journey to IAS success today!<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.442%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.001%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Related Articles\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.0899%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/high-court\/\">High Courts in India<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.911%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/inter-state-water-disputes\/\">Inter-State Water Disputes Resolution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.0899%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/water-management-in-india\/\">Water Management: How Can India Balance Its Water Demand and Supply?<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.911%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/jurisdiction-powers-supreme-court-of-india\/\">Supreme Court of India<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Examine the intricacies of inter-State water disputes in India, encompassing constitutional provisions, the function of tribunals, and significant cases such as the Cauvery and Krishna disputes that will help in your preparation for the UPSC Exam.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[122],"doc_tag":[5766],"acf":[],"year_month":"2026-04","word_count":1546,"total_views":0,"reactions":{"happy":0,"normal":0,"sad":0},"author_info":{"name":"Priyanka","author_nicename":"priyanka6","author_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/author\/priyanka6"},"doc_category_info":[{"term_name":"INDIAN POLITY","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-category\/indian-polity"}],"doc_tag_info":[{"term_name":"CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-tag\/centre-state-relations"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/132932"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=132932"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/132932\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":147950,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/132932\/revisions\/147950"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132932"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=132932"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=132932"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}