{"id":142042,"date":"2024-11-11T11:55:31","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T06:25:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=docs&#038;p=142042"},"modified":"2025-01-08T12:17:05","modified_gmt":"2025-01-08T06:47:05","password":"","slug":"electoral-reforms-in-india","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/electoral-reforms-in-india","title":{"rendered":"Electoral Reforms in India: Key Changes Shaping Democracy &#8211; (Part 01)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/electoral-reforms-and-gender-disparity\/\"><b>Electoral reforms in India<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have been significantly influenced by<\/span><b> various committees<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and commissions over the years. Notable among these are the <\/span><b>Dinesh Goswami Committee, Vohra Committee, Indrajit Gupta Committee, and the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, among others. These committees have made critical recommendations that have led to substantial changes in the electoral process, aiming to enhance the<\/span><b> transparency, fairness, and efficiency <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of elections in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span class=\"vc_button\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/i><\/a><i><\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Electoral Reforms in India: An Overview<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Committees and Their Contributions<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Various committees have been constituted to examine our electoral system. Some of these committees are:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dinesh Goswami Committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on Electoral Reforms in 1990<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vohra Committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the Nexus between Crime and Politics in 1993<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Indrajit Gupta Committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on State Funding of Elections in 1998<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>National Commission to review the Working of the Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2000-2002), headed by <\/span><b>M.N. Venkatachaliah<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Second Administrative Reforms Commission<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of India Report on Ethics in Governance (2007) headed by Veerappa Moily<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>J.S. Verma Committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on Amendment to Criminal Laws in 2014<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Law Commission of India 244th<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Report on Electoral Disqualifications (2014)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Law Commission of India 255th<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Report on Electoral Reforms (2015)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Various reforms have been introduced in our electoral system based on the recommendations of these committees.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Electoral Reforms before 1996<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Electronic Voting Machines (EVM)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>First-time<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> use of EVMs occurred in the general election in <\/span><b>Kerala in May 1982<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But due to the <\/span><b>absence of any specific law<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> prescribing its use, the <\/span><b>SC struck down that election<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1989, the <\/span><b>Parliament amended the RPA,1951<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to introduce a provision for the <\/span><b>use of EVMs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>In 1999<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, they were used for the<\/span><b> first time in the general elections (entire state) to the Assembly of Goa.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>In 2004<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in the General Election to the Lok Sabha, the EVMs were used in all <\/span><b>543 Parliamentary Constituencies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Lowering of Voting Age<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the\u00a0 <\/span><b>61st <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/constitutional-amendment\/\"><b>Constitutional Amendment Act<\/b><\/a><b> of 1988 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">voting age was reduced from<\/span><b> 21 years to 18 years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the Lok Sabha as well as the assembly elections to make youth a part of the political process.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Increase in the number of proposers-<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>number of proposers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in nomination papers for elections of the Lok Sabha and\u00a0 the State Legislative Assembly was increased to<\/span><b> 10 percent of the electors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the constituency or<\/span><b> ten such electors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, whichever was less in the year 1988.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was done in order <\/span><b>to prevent non-serious candidates <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from frivolous manners.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Booth capturing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A provision was made for the <\/span><b>adjournment of polls or countermanding of elections<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in case of<\/span><b> booth capturing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the year 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Personnel under the supervision of Election Commission<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> officers and staff <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">engaged in the electoral process are <\/span><b>deemed to be on deputation to the ECI<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the period of such employment.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These personnel, during that period, would be under the <\/span><b>control, superintendence and discipline of the Election Commission.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Elector\u2019s Photo Identity Card(EPIC)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>In 1993<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a decision was made to issue<\/span><b> photo identity cards<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to electors throughout the country to check bogus voting and impersonation of electors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>January 1st <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was fixed as the date of revision of electoral rolls.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every citizen who attains the <\/span><b>age of 18 years or above<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as on that date is eligible for inclusion.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Electoral Reforms of 1996<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As recommended by the <\/span><b>Dinesh Goswami Committee <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">following reforms were undertaken:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Listing of Names of Candidates\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The candidates who are contesting the\u00a0 elections are to be classified into <\/span><b>three categories<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the purpose of listing their names and they are they are<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Candidates of<\/span><b> Recognised political parties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Candidates of<\/span><b> registered-unrecognised political parties<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other Candidates which contest as<\/span><b> independent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Disqualification under Prevention of Insults to\u00a0 National Honour Act of 1971<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A person shall be disqualified to contest the elections to the Parliament and the State Legislatures for <\/span><b>6 years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> if he has been\u00a0 convicted for the following offences:<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Offence of insulting the<\/span><b> National Flag<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Offence of insulting the<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/indian-constitution-exploration\/\"><b>Constitution of India<\/b><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Offence of preventing the singing of the N<\/span><b>ational Anthem.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Restriction to two constituencies for the Contestants\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A candidate shall be ineligible if he is contesting the elections from more than <\/span><b>two Parliamentary\/assembly constituencies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at general or<\/span><b> bye-elections <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<\/span><b> Rajya sabha\/State legislative council.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Number of proposers<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The nomination of a candidate in a Parliamentary or Assembly constituency should be subscribed by <\/span><b>10<\/b> <b>registered electors of the constituency<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as proposers if the candidate is not sponsored by a recognized political party.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only <\/span><b>one proposer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is required if the candidate is sponsored by a <\/span><b>recognised political party.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Prohibition on the Sale of Liquor<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ban on the sale of liquor<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or any other intoxicants for a period of <\/span><b>48 hours <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which\u00a0 ends with\u00a0 the end of the poll.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Prohibition of Arms\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Carrying arms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the neighborhood of the polling station is a <\/span><b>cognizable\u00a0 offence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Time-Limit for Bye-Election<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bye-election shall be held within a period of <\/span><b>six<\/b> <b>months<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the date of occurrence of the vacancy, except in the following two cases-<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the<\/span><b> remainder of the term<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of a member in relation to a vacancy is <\/span><b>less than one year<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, then a bye-poll need not be held.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If it has been <\/span><b>certified by the <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/election-commission-of-india\/\"><b>Election Commission<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (in consultation with the central government) that it is difficult to conduct a by-election within the said period.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Effective Campaigning Period Reduced<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>minimum time period<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between the last date for <\/span><b>withdrawal of candidature<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><b>polling date<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is<\/span><b> reduced from<\/b> <b>20 to 14 days<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span class=\"vc_button\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/i><\/a><i><\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9744%; height: 120px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 308.565%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center; height: 30px;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50.087%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/\"><b>Current Affairs<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 258.479%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\"><b>Editorial Analysis<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50.087%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\"><b>Upsc Notes\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 258.479%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\"><b>Upsc Blogs\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50.087%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\"><b>NCERT Notes<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 258.479%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\"><b>Free Main Answer Writing<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>India&#8217;s electoral system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has undergone numerous reforms, addressing issues such as the use of <\/span><b>Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><b> lowering the voting age<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>increasing the number of proposers for candidates<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and measures to curb<\/span><b> booth capturing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>implementation of these reforms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has been pivotal in ensuring a more democratic and participative electoral process.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ongoing efforts to <\/span><b>refine and improve the system <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reflect the nation&#8217;s commitment to maintaining the<\/span><b> integrity and credibility <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of its democratic institutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><i>Sign up for the<\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <b><i>PWOnlyIAS Online Course by Physics Wallah<\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i> and start your journey to IAS success today!<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.532%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 148.268%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Related Articles\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.9639%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/electoral-reforms-and-gender-disparity\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electoral Reforms<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 98.3045%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/constitutional-amendment\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Major Constitutional Amendments: Evolution of India\u2019s Constitution<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.9639%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/indian-constitution-exploration\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Features of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 98.3045%; 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