{"id":29480,"date":"2023-07-27T13:55:50","date_gmt":"2023-07-27T08:25:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=docs&#038;p=29480"},"modified":"2024-04-22T17:57:59","modified_gmt":"2024-04-22T12:27:59","password":"","slug":"lord-cornwallis-1786-1793","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/lord-cornwallis-1786-1793","title":{"rendered":"Lord Cornwallis (1786\u20131793)"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24pt; color: #ffffff;\"><b>Lord Cornwallis<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Lord Cornwallis: Architect of India&#8217;s Governance Evolution<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General Charles Cornwallis, sometimes known as Lord Cornwallis, founded the <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ics-full-form\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indian Civil Service<\/a>. Between 1753 and 1762, he had the title Viscount Brome, and from 1762 to 1792, Lord Cornwallis went by the name Earl Cornwallis. Following his return from America after the War of Independence, Lord Cornwallis was offered the position of Governor-General. With his selection, a new custom of selecting an aristocrat for the position of Governor-General was started. Lord Cornwallis was lucky to have a team of highly skilled and experienced individuals working for him, including Sir William Jones, John Shore, and James Grant. Even though Cornwallis began his job in a favourable environment, Lord Cornwallis had to implement his policies with considerable care.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29481\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/27.3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"183\" height=\"208\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Lord Cornwallis&#8217;s Era: Reforms, Settlements, and Military Triumphs<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Events<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>About<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Pitt\u2019s India Act (<\/b><strong>1786<\/strong><b>)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Parliament revised <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/amending-act-1786\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Pitt\u2019s India Act in 1786<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to give him the authority to, if necessary, overrule the majority vote of his council, and it was willing to grant him exceptional legal powers to enact radical reforms in the administration of Bengal.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Permanent Settlement<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Policymakers revived it after a series of tax initiatives failed and had a detrimental impact on the economy starting in 1773.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Note:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The idea of Permanent Settlement was first conceptualised and refined by<\/span><b> Sir Philip Francis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a council member under <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/lord-warren-hastings-1773-1785\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Warren Hastings<\/a>. It was eventually abandoned due to its \u201cabsurdity,\u201d nevertheless.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Containing Tipu Sultan<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Permanent Settlement was not Lord Cornwallis\u2019s most significant contribution to the establishment of the British colonial administration in India; rather, it was his military actions to subdue Tipu Sultan of Mysore.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes <\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Reforms Of Lord Cornwallis: Civil Service, Judiciary, and Policing<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Lord Cornwallis&#8217;s Legacy: Civil Service Reforms in India<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cornwallis\u2019 most notable achievement was the overhaul of the civil service, which involved hiring qualified and ethical public servants.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Cornwallis is responsible for the <\/span><b>Europeanisation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of administrative machinery.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Cornwallis\u2019 introduction of the <\/span><b>merit-based system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of recruitment for the Indian Civil Service laid the foundation for a more efficient and effective bureaucracy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Cornwallis established the division of the <\/span><b>three service branches<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014commercial, judicial, and revenue\u2014in the Cornwallis Code (1973).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In India, <\/span><b>Charles Cornwallis is regarded as the founding father of the civil service<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The foundation Warren Hastings set for the civil service was improved, modernised, and clarified by him.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Law of the Company presented the uncovenanted Civil Services, whereas Cornwallis presented the <\/span><b>Covenanted Civil Services.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Lord Cornwallis&#8217;s Judiciary Revamp: Structure and Authority<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cornwallis endeavoured to accomplish the tasks left incomplete by Warren Hastings while implementing important changes to the judicial system.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The civil and criminal courts underwent a major reorganisation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the<\/span><b> apex of the judicial system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the <\/span><b>Sadar Diwani Adalat and Sadar Nizamat Adalat, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">respectively, were the highest civil and criminal courts of appeal. Both were headed by the Governor-General and his council.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There were<\/span><b> four provincial courts of appeal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India, located in Calcutta, Dacca, Murshidabad, and Patna. Each court had three European judges and two Indian advisors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>European judges each presided over the District and City courts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Each district received a court. He had stripped the tax collectors of their judicial authority and given them total authority over the collection of taxes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">District judges were appointed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as a result. Indian judges, called Munsiffs, appointed all courts at the bottom of the legal system.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29482\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/27.4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"515\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/27.4.png 515w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/27.4-300x147.png 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/27.4-360x176.png 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\" \/><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Lord Cornwallis&#8217;s Police Reforms: Thanas and Daroga Authority<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Restructuring the police administration was necessary for the successful implementation of judicial reforms.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Thanas, or police circles,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> roughly 20 square miles in size, were used to partition each district.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was given to a <\/span><b>daroga<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, an Indian officer who had a lot of constables working well with him. On the other side, the police were useless.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe <\/span><b>daroga enjoyed nearly unlimited extortion power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and became the scourge of the country,\u201d argues Marshman.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Lord Cornwallis&#8217;s Wars: Diplomacy and Victory in India<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Wars<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>About<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Mysore Maratha War (1785-1787)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The Marathas tried to draw Lord Cornwallis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into the conflict, which began in 1785 with a series of marches, countermarches, and skirmishes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cornwallis adhered to the <\/span><b>neutrality policy <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and stayed out of the war simulation.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After much effort, Tipu Sultan and the Marathas finally agreed to keep peace in 1787 by signing the <\/span><b>Treaty of Gajendragarh.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Third Anglo-Mysore war (1790\u20131792)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A clause pertaining to the transfer of prisoners was included in the <\/span><b>Mangalore Treaty of 1784,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which was signed at the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Tipu disregarded this and continued to hold the British prisoners.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tipu was kept apart from the Marathas, Coorgs, and Nizams by <\/span><b>Cornwallis\u2019 diplomatic skills.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Tipu was defeated as a result.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Treaty of Shrirangpatnam (1792)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which was concluded in 1792, helped to reestablish peace.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes <\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Lord Cornwallis&#8217;s Triumph: Military Success and Governance<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Permanent Settlement was not Lord Cornwallis\u2019s most significant contribution to the establishment of the British colonial administration in India; rather, it was his military actions to subdue <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/tipu-sultans-contested-legacy\/#:~:text=Who%20was%20Tipu%20Sultan%3F,the%20first%20Anglo%2DMysore%20War.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tipu Sultan<\/a> of Mysore.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Cornwallis personally oversaw a military operation against the <\/span><b>Sultan of Mysore in 1790<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and won the Company State control over a crucial portion of his country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By defeating Tipu Sultan and compelling him to sign a predetermined peace treaty, Cornwallis dramatically increased the company\u2019s security.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In recognition of Lord Cornwallis\u2019s accomplishments on the battlefield and in building a powerful administrative, judicial, and military system for the new kingdom, Cornwallis was given the <\/span><b>title of First Marquis in August 1792<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>#PW-OnlyIAS Edge<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In March 1781, he led British forces to a defeat at <\/span><b>Guilford Court House.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As one of the most notable British generals in the <\/span><b>American War of Independence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, he is most recognised in the United States and the United Kingdom.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Significant warfare in North America<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> came to an end when he submitted to an American and French force during the Yorktown siege in 1781.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to obstruction by Bengal army officers and his inability to secure the complete backing he desired from London, Cornwallis resigned as governor-general in 1793. In many different areas, Cornwallis introduced administrative improvements. Since the Company\u2019s government judged these reforms to have been mainly successful, they were left alone for the next 20 years.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Previous Year Questions<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Q1. By a regulation in 1793, the District Collector was deprived of his judicial powers and made the collecting agent only. What was the reason for such a regulation? (UPSC 2010)<\/b><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Cornwallis felt that the District Collector\u2019s efficiency of revenue collection would enormously increase without the burden of additional work.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Cornwallis felt that judicial power should compulsorily be in the hands of Europeans while Indians can be given the job of revenue collection in the districts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lord Cornwallis was alarmed at the extent of power concentrated in the District Collector and felt that such absolute power was undesirable in one person.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The judicial work demanded a deep knowledge of India and good training in law and Lord Cornwallis felt that the District Collector should be only a revenue collector.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>Related To Cornwallis FAQs<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Q1. When did Cornwallis arrive in India?<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ans. Governor-General Lord Cornwallis served in that important position twice. The first part of his term ran from 1786 to 1793. He visited India once more in 1805 but passed away before he could perform any more miracles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Q2. What system was implemented by Lord Cornwallis in 1793?<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ans. A revenue collecting system that persisted into the 20th century was established by the Permanent Settlement provision, which Lord Cornwallis implemented (also known as the Zamindari system, which was legislated in 1793). The system was Initiated in Bengal. It eventually covered the entirety of northern India after a number of laws dated May 1, 1793, were issued.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Q3. What were the Cornwallis Code\u2019s key characteristics?<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ans. Important rules for governance, law enforcement, and judicial and civil administration were incorporated in the code. Its most well-known clause was the Permanent Settlement (also known as the Zamindari system, which was passed in 1793), which established a mechanism for collecting taxes that persisted until the twentieth century.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes <\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 97.2907%; height: 395px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 73px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 204.827%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center; height: 73px;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 73px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.7426%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 73px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCERT Notes For UPSC<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 155.085%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 73px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/daily-current-affairs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Current Affairs<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 73px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.7426%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 73px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Blogs<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 155.085%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 73px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Editorials<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 73px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.7426%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 73px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/quiz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daily Current Affairs Quiz<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 155.085%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 73px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daily Main Answer Writing<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 103px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.7426%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 103px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-previous-year-papers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Mains Previous Year Papers<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 155.085%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 103px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-test-series-courses\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Test Series 2024<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lord Cornwallis Lord Cornwallis: Architect of India&#8217;s Governance Evolution General Charles Cornwallis, sometimes known as Lord Cornwallis, founded the Indian Civil Service. Between 1753 and 1762, he had the title Viscount Brome, and from 1762 to 1792, Lord Cornwallis went by the name Earl Cornwallis. Following his return from America after the War of Independence,&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/lord-cornwallis-1786-1793\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Lord Cornwallis (1786\u20131793)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[135],"doc_tag":[],"acf":[],"year_month":"2026-04","word_count":1420,"total_views":"6271","reactions":{"happy":"1","normal":"0","sad":"1"},"author_info":{"name":"PWOnlyIAS","author_nicename":"pwonlyias2a","author_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/author\/pwonlyias2a"},"doc_category_info":[{"term_name":"Modern Indian History","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-category\/modern-indian-history"}],"doc_tag_info":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/29480"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29480"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/29480\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":103481,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/29480\/revisions\/103481"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29480"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=29480"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=29480"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}