{"id":3095,"date":"2023-09-14T19:30:57","date_gmt":"2023-09-14T14:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?page_id=3095"},"modified":"2024-06-11T15:21:08","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T09:51:08","password":"","slug":"fundamental-rights","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/fundamental-rights","title":{"rendered":"Fundamental Rights (Article 12-35) and Their Evolution in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 24pt; color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Fundamental Rights (Article 12-35) and Their Evolution in India<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">India&#8217;s Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35) in the Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Indian Constitution, Part III, specifically Articles 12 to 35, deals with Fundamental Rights. These are essential human rights guaranteed to all Indian citizens, and the Constitution emphasizes their inviolability. There are six fundamental rights: the <strong>right to equality, the right to freedom, the right against exploitation, the right to religious freedom, the right to cultural and educational freedom, and the right to legal remedies<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Originally, there was also a <strong>right to property<\/strong> listed as a Fundamental Right under Article 31. However, in 1978, the <strong>44th Constitutional Amendment Act<\/strong> removed it from the Fundamental Rights category and reclassified it as a legal right under <strong>Article 300A in Part XII<\/strong> of the Constitution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Empowering Citizens: Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution are the essential human rights that <strong>apply to all citizens<\/strong>, regardless of factors like <strong>race, religion, or gender<\/strong>. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These rights are <strong>legally enforceable through the courts<\/strong>, although there are some conditions to consider. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They serve a crucial role in promoting political democracy by establishing the Doctrine of Limited Government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The main purpose behind providing these fundamental rights to citizens is to <strong>prevent the government from enacting arbitrary laws<\/strong> and to safeguard the liberties and freedoms of individuals.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The overarching goal is to establish the <strong>Rule of Law rather than the Rule of Men<\/strong>, making these rights a cornerstone of the Indian Constitution\u2019s principles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\">A Comprehensive Guide to Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution (Article 12-35)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The concept of Fundamental Rights in India draws significant inspiration from the <strong>United States Bill of Rights<\/strong>. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These rights are a crucial part of the constitution because they are seen as vital for the development of <strong>every individual\u2019s personality<\/strong> and for upholding <strong>human dignity<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Part III of the Indian Constitution, commonly known as the<strong> Magna Carta of the Indian Constitution<\/strong>, contains elaborate provisions regarding Fundamental Rights.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">They are termed \u201c<strong>fundamental\u201d because they can be legally enforced<\/strong>. This means that individuals can seek recourse in the courts if these rights are ever violated.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The key categories of Fundamental Rights in India are:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\">1. Right to Equality (Articles 14\u201318)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Right to Equality is a significant fundamental right in the Indian Constitution. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It ensures that every person, regardless of their <strong>religion, gender, caste, race, or place of birth<\/strong>, is treated equally. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This right extends to <strong>employment opportunities<\/strong> in the government and protects against discrimination by the State based on factors like caste or religion. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also includes the elimination of titles and the practice of untouchability.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19\u201322)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom is a fundamental value in democratic societies, and the Indian Constitution guarantees various aspects of freedom to its citizens. These freedoms include:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom of speech<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom of expression<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom of peaceful assembly<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom of association<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom to pursue any profession<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom to reside anywhere in the country<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, some of these rights can be <strong>subject to limitations<\/strong> in the interest of state security, public morality, decency, or friendly foreign relations, allowing the government to impose reasonable restrictions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong> <\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23\u201324)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Right against Exploitation encompasses the prohibition of activities like human trafficking, forced labor (begar), and the employment of children in hazardous conditions. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Constitution expressly forbids the employment of <strong>children below 14 years<\/strong> in dangerous work environments.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25\u201328)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This fundamental right underscores the secular nature of Indian governance, showing equal respect for all religions. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It guarantees freedom of conscience, profession, practice, and propagation of religion. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has no official state religion, and individuals have the right to freely practice their faith and establish religious and charitable institutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29\u201330)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cultural and Educational Rights protect the interests of religious, cultural, and linguistic minorities. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They ensure the preservation of their heritage and culture while also promoting education without discrimination.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 32\u201335)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Right to Constitutional Remedies guarantees recourse for citizens if their fundamental rights are violated. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It empowers individuals to approach the courts for redress. The Supreme Court, in particular, can issue writs to enforce these rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These fundamental rights form the core of individual freedoms and protections within the Indian legal framework.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">The Framework of Fundamental Rights in India<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check the Fundamental Rights Chart in the given below table:<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 2024px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 99.15%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center; height: 74px;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Fundamental Rights Chart<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 27.3843%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><b>Fundamental Rights<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><b>Article<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><b>Provisions<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 27.3843%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 180px;\" rowspan=\"5\"><strong>Right to Equality<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 14<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equality Before Law<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 15<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prohibition of Discrimination<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 16<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 17<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abolition of untouchability<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 18<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abolition of Titles<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 27.3843%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 360px;\" rowspan=\"10\"><strong>Right to Freedom<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 360px;\" rowspan=\"6\"><strong>Article 19<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection of 6 Rights<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The right to free speech and expression<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The right to peaceful assembly without the use of force<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The right to form associations, unions, or cooperative societies<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The freedom to roam around without restriction on Indian soil<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The right to practice any profession and the freedom to engage in any occupation, trade, or business in any location within Indian territory<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><strong>Article 20<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 21<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection of Life and Personal Liberty<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 21-A<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right to Education<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 22<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection Against Arrest and Detention<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 27.3843%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Right Against Exploitation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 23<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prohibition of Human Trafficking and Forced Labour<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 24<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prohibition of Child Labour<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 27.3843%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\" rowspan=\"4\"><strong>Right to Freedom of Religion<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 25<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom of Conscience, Profession, Practice and Propagation<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 26<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 27<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom from Taxation for the Promotion of a Religion<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 28<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom from Attending Religious Instruction<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 27.3843%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Educational and Cultural Rights<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 29<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection of Interests of Minorities<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 30<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 27.3843%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 90px;\" rowspan=\"6\"><strong>Right to Constitutional Remedies<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 90px;\"><strong>Article 32<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 90px;\">The remedies for enforcing rights conferred by this Part include the right to utilize the five writs of the Indian Constitution for enforcing one&#8217;s fundamental rights:<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Habeas Corpus:<\/strong> It was commonly utilized to mandate the release of individuals who were wrongly detained.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Mandamus:<\/strong> To order a public authority to carry out its duties.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Quo Warranto:<\/strong> To order someone to leave a position they are incorrectly supposed to be in.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Prohibition:<\/strong> Preventing a lower court from continuing with a matter.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Certiorari:<\/strong> The higher court\u2019s ability to take an ongoing case from a lower court and put it before itself.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 150px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 27.3843%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 150px;\"><strong>Power of Parliament to Modify Rights for Armed Forces<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 150px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 33<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 150px;\">Parliament has the authority to modify the application of rights conferred by this Part to members of the Armed Forces, <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">paramilitary forces, police forces, intelligence agencies, and analogous forces<\/span>, as necessary for duty performance and discipline maintenance.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 27.3843%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 90px;\"><strong>Restriction on Rights During Martial Law<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 34<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provides for restrictions on fundamental rights while martial law (military rule) is in force<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 27.3843%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><strong>Legislation to Implement Provisions of This Part<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4879%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 35<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 56.2778%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 60px;\">It grants Parliament exclusive authority to legislate on Articles 16(3), 32(3), 33, and 34, and also allows it to establish penalties for violations of fundamental rights.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching <\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>How do Fundamental Rights in India differ from Regular Legal Rights?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental rights in India differ from <strong>regular legal rights<\/strong> in how they are enforced. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When a regular legal right is violated, the affected individual cannot immediately approach the Supreme Court; they must first seek resolution through lower courts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain fundamental rights apply to all citizens, while others extend to all individuals, including citizens and foreigners.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>It&#8217;s crucial to understand that fundamental rights are not absolute<\/strong>. They come with reasonable restrictions, which means they can be limited in the interest of state security, public morality, decency, and maintaining friendly relations with other nations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental rights are <strong>justiciable<\/strong>, meaning they can be enforced through the courts. Individuals have the right to <strong>directly approach the Supreme Court<\/strong> if their fundamental rights are violated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the Parliament can amend fundamental rights through a constitutional amendment, these amendments must not alter the basic structure of the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During a <strong>national emergency<\/strong>, the fundamental rights of the Indian Constitution can be suspended, with the exception of the rights guaranteed under <strong>Articles 20 and 21<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In areas placed under martial law or military rule, the application of fundamental rights may also be restricted.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Crucial Role of Article 13: Safeguarding Fundamental Rights in India<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental rights are crucial as they form the bedrock of a nation, safeguarding the interests of its people.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Article 13 plays a pivotal role by declaring any law that infringes upon these fundamental rights null and void.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">This means that the judiciary has the power of judicial review, explicitly granted in this article.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">It empowers the Supreme Court and High Courts to declare any law, whether it\u2019s a formal statute or other forms like ordinances, orders, rules, or notifications, as unconstitutional if it violates these fundamental rights.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In essence, Article 13 serves as a guardian of the people\u2019s rights, ensuring that no law can infringe upon these essential protections.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching <\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Can Constitutional Amendments Impact the Core Principles of Fundamental Rights in India?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To make any changes to the fundamental rights in India, a constitutional amendment is required. This amendment must pass through both Houses of Parliament and receive approval by a special majority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>According to Article 13(2)<\/strong> of the Constitution, no laws can be enacted that undermine fundamental rights. However, there has been a debate over whether a constitutional amendment can be considered a law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the past, the Supreme Court\u2019s stance on this matter has evolved. In the <strong>Sajjan Singh Case of 1965<\/strong>, the Court ruled that Parliament could amend any part of the Constitution, including fundamental rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, in 1967, the Court reversed its position in the <strong>Golaknath case<\/strong>, stating that fundamental rights cannot be amended.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a landmark judgment in 1973, the <strong>Kesavananda Bharati Case<\/strong>, the Supreme Court clarified that while Parliament could amend any part of the Constitution, including fundamental rights, it could not abrogate the \u201cbasic structure of the Constitution\u201d through a constitutional amendment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The &#8220;<strong>basic structure<\/strong>&#8221; doctrine empowers the <strong>judiciary to strike down any amendment enacted by Parliament<\/strong> that contradicts the fundamental tenets of the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1981, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the Basic Structure doctrine and specified that it should not be applied retrospectively to challenge the validity of amendments made before <strong>April 24th, 1973<\/strong>, the date of the Kesavananda Bharati judgment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Doctrine of Severability: Safeguarding Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This doctrine, also called the Doctrine of Separability, <strong>safeguards the fundamental rights embedded in the Constitution<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Article 13<\/strong> of the Constitution is where you\u2019ll find it. It states that any laws in force in India before the Constitution came into effect, that contradict the fundamental rights, will be considered void to the extent of that inconsistency.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In simpler terms, this means that <strong>only the specific parts of a law that clash with fundamental rights<\/strong> will be deemed void, not the entire law.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">It ensures that only those provisions of a law that are inconsistent with fundamental rights will lose their legal validity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Doctrine of Eclipse: Temporal Inactivity and the Resurgence of Laws in Indian Jurisprudence<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The doctrine we\u2019re talking about here is called the doctrine of eclipse. What it essentially says is that <strong>if a law violates fundamental rights, it doesn\u2019t become entirely null and void right from the start<\/strong>. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instead, it becomes non-enforceable, like it\u2019s<strong> temporarily inactive<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">When the specific fundamental right that was violated gets <strong>reinstated or re-established<\/strong>, the law becomes active again. It\u2019s like the law gets a new lease on life.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">This doctrine of eclipse only applies to laws that were enacted before the Constitution came into force, the so-called <strong>pre-constitutional laws<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Any law created after the Constitution, if it violates a fundamental right, is null and void right from the beginning.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">So, in a nutshell, pre-constitutional laws have a chance to be revived if the violated fundamental right is reinstated, while post-constitutional laws that violate fundamental rights are invalid right from the start.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>What Country Served as the Model for India&#8217;s Fundamental Rights in its Constitution?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The concept of Fundamental Rights in India is taken from the <strong>Constitution of the United States<\/strong>. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These rights are the fundamental building blocks that ensure individuals can lead lives with <strong>dignity and integrity<\/strong>. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can find these essential rights detailed in <strong>Part III<\/strong> of the Indian Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Comparing Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties: Legal Safeguards vs. Moral Responsibilities in India<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental Rights are <strong>legally binding rights<\/strong> aimed at safeguarding individual interests and can be enforced through legal channels. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In contrast, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/fundamental-duties\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental Duties<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are <strong>moral and ethical responsibilities<\/strong> that citizens have towards their country and fellow citizens. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While citizens are expected to fulfill their fundamental duties, there are no legal sanctions if they fail to do so.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Difference Between Fundamental Rights and Duties<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Aspect<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Fundamental Rights<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Fundamental Duties<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legal rights protecting individual interests<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moral and ethical obligations towards the nation<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enforcement<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enforceable through the courts of law<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not directly enforceable by legal sanctions<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Goal<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Focus on safeguarding individual well-being<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emphasis on promoting collective welfare<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Origin and Amendment<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inherent rights, can be amended by the Parliament<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduced by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right to equality, freedom of speech, and religion<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Duty to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, to promote harmony<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 97.4235%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; width: 299.425%;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>UPSC Notes Related Links<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 48.9796%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/indian-polity-notes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Polity Notes<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 250.445%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/functions-of-parliament\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Function of Parliament<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 48.9796%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/centre-state-relations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Central State Relations<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 250.445%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/inter-state-relations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inter State Relations<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Articles 12-35 of Indian Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights. These are the human rights that conferred upon the citizens of India. Check the list of 6 Fundamental Rights provided in Indian Constitution.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":38026,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[122],"doc_tag":[],"acf":[],"year_month":"2026-04","word_count":2289,"total_views":"44826","reactions":{"happy":"26","normal":"1","sad":"3"},"author_info":{"name":"bks_editor","author_nicename":"bks_editor","author_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/author\/bks_editor"},"doc_category_info":[{"term_name":"INDIAN POLITY","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-category\/indian-polity"}],"doc_tag_info":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/3095"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3095"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/3095\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":113154,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/3095\/revisions\/113154"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38026"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3095"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=3095"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=3095"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}