{"id":3183,"date":"2020-12-28T16:36:26","date_gmt":"2020-12-28T11:06:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?page_id=3183"},"modified":"2024-05-29T17:56:06","modified_gmt":"2024-05-29T12:26:06","password":"","slug":"state-legislature-article-168-212-part-vi-state","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/state-legislature-article-168-212-part-vi-state","title":{"rendered":"State Legislature in India: Structure, Functions, and Legislative Process"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\">State Legislature: Key Insights for UPSC Preparation<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To prepare for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/indian-polity-2\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">INDIAN POLITY<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know about the State Legislature. It gives an idea of all the important topics for the IAS Exam and the polity syllabus (GS-II). This is an essential portion of the polity. As IAS aspirants, you should be thorough with the State Legislature. In this article, you can read all about the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State Legislature for the Polity and Governance segments of the UPSC syllabus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: var(--list--font-family); background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">State Legislature Structure: Unicameralism vs. Bicameralism<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Though a uniform pattern of government is prescribed for the states, the Constitution makes a distinction between the bigger and the smaller States.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Articles 168 to 212<\/strong> in <strong>Part VI<\/strong> of the Constitution deal with the organisation, composition, duration, officers, procedures, privileges, powers and so on of the state legislature.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State legislature occupies a <strong>preeminent and central position<\/strong> in the political system of state<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is <strong>no uniformity<\/strong> in the organisation of state legislatures \u2013 a mix of Unicameralism and Bicameralism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">States having unicameral system (22 states) the State Legislature consist of the \u2013<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Governor<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legislative Assemb<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">States having bicameral system (Six states) the State Legislature consist of the<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Governor<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legislative Assembly<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legislative Council<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 213px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 98.4%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; height: 74px;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">States (Six) with bicameral Legislatures<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.4%; text-align: center; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91%; text-align: center; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andhra Pradesh<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.4%; text-align: center; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91%; text-align: center; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Telangana<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.4%; text-align: center; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91%; text-align: center; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bihar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.4%; text-align: center; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91%; text-align: center; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Karnataka<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.4%; text-align: center; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91%; text-align: center; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maharashtra<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.4%; text-align: center; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91%; text-align: center; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uttar Pradesh<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 98.4%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #c0d2eb;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council was abolished by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <strong>Legislative Council<\/strong> (Vidhan Parishad) is the <strong>upper house<\/strong> (second chamber or house of elders), while the <strong>Legislative Assembly<\/strong> (Vidhan Sabha) is the lower house (first chamber or popular house).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>State Legislature:<\/strong> Procedures for Creation and Abolition of State Legislative Council Under Article 169<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Parliament can abolish a Legislative Council<\/strong> (where it already exists) or <strong>create it<\/strong> (where it does not exist), if the <strong>legislative assembly<\/strong> of the concerned state passes a resolution by a Special Majority to that effect.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This Act of Parliament is <strong>not to be deemed as an amendment of the Constitution<\/strong> for the purposes of Art. 368 and is passed like an ordinary piece of legislation (by Simple Majority).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\">Such resolution needs <strong>special majority<\/strong> in the Legislative Assembly and simple majority in <a style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/parliament\/\">PARLIAMENT<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\">Comparative Analysis of State Legislature: Legislative Council vs. Legislative Assembly<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Equal<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Unequal<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf Introduction &#038; passage of Ordinary Bills. In case of disengagement the will of assembly prevails over the council.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf Approval of ordinances issued by the Governor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf Selection of Ministers including CM.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf Consideration of Reports of the Constitutional Bodies, e.g\u2013 SFC, SPSC, CAG, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf Expansion of jurisdiction of SPSC.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong>\u25cf Regarding Money Bill \u2013<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Only introduced in the Assembly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Final call to decide a Money Bill reserve on Assembly Speaker.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Council has no right to amend or reject the Money Bill.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. The Council should return the bill with or without recommendation within 14 days.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. Assembly can either accept or reject the recommendation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf The final power of passing an Ordinary Bill lies with the Assembly. Council can delay for a maximum of 4 months. Council is only an advisory body.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf Council does not participate in the election of President and State Representatives of Rajya Sabha.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf Council has no effective say in the ratification of a Constitutional Amendment Bill.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf The very existence of the Council depends on the will of the Assembly.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>State Legislative Assembly Composition<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The legislative assembly consists of <strong>representatives directly elected by the people<\/strong> on the basis of universal adult franchise.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Minimum and maximum strength<\/strong> of the State legislative assembly are <strong>60<\/strong> and <strong>500<\/strong> respectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.1405%; height: 178px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 155.696%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Minimum strength fixed for:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 48.6578%; height: 10px; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Goa<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 107.038%; height: 10px; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">30 members<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 48.6578%; height: 10px; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mizoram<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 107.038%; height: 10px; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">40<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 48.6578%; height: 10px; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nagaland<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 107.038%; height: 10px; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">46<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 155.696%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #c0d2eb;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some members of the legislative assemblies in Sikkim and Nagaland are also elected indirectly.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Nominated Member: <\/strong>The Governor nominates one member from the Anglo-Indian community, if the community is not adequately represented in the assembly. <\/span>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, with the passage of the <strong>104th Constitution Amendment <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>does away<\/strong> with the provision for nomination of Anglo Indians-to Lok Sabha and some State Assembly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Constitution provided for the <strong>reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes<\/strong> in the assembly of each state on the basis of population ratios.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Territorial Constituencies in State Legislature<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <strong>Demarcation of Constituencies<\/strong> is done in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it is the same throughout the state.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Constitution ensures that <strong>there is uniformity of Representation<\/strong> between different constituencies in the state.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Readjustment in State Legislature: Adapting Seat Allocation and Constituency Boundaries Post-Census<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After each census, a readjustment is to be made in the \u2013<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total number of seats in the assembly of each state<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The division of each state into territorial constituencies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The Parliament is empowered to determine the authority and the manner in which it is to be made.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Accordingly, Parliament has enacted the <strong>Delimitation Commission Acts<\/strong> in <strong>1952, 1962, 1972 <\/strong>and<strong> 2002<\/strong> for this purpose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>42nd Amendment Act of (1976):<\/strong> had frozen the total number of seats in the assembly of each state and the division of such states into territorial constituencies till the year 2000 at the 1971 level.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>84th Amendment Act of 2001:<\/strong> ban on readjustment has been extended for another year (upto year 2026) with the objective of encouraging population limiting measures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>87th Amendment Act of 2003:<\/strong> provided for the delimitation of constituencies on the basis of 2001 census<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Composition of State Legislative Council<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Strength<\/strong> of the legislative council is <strong>minimum of 40<\/strong> to maximum of <strong>one third that of the legislative assembly<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This arrangement ensures the <strong>predominance of the directly elected House<\/strong> (assembly) in the legislative affairs of the state.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The constitution has fixed the maximum and minimum limits but <strong>actual strength is fixed by Parliament<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the total number of members of a legislative council \u2013<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 78.9189%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members are elected by legislative assembly members<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center; width: 20.1351%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1\/3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 78.9189%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members elected from local bodies<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center; width: 20.1351%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1\/3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 78.9189%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members elected by graduates of three years standing and residing in state<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center; width: 20.1351%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1\/12<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 78.9189%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members elected by teachers of three years standing and not lower in standard than secondary school<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center; width: 20.1351%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1\/12<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 78.9189%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members nominated by governor<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center; width: 20.1351%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1\/6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #c0d2eb; width: 99.0541%;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5\/6 of the total number of members of a legislative council are indirectly elected and 1\/6 are nominated by the governor.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #c0d2eb; width: 99.0541%;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This scheme of composition of a legislative council as laid down in the Constitution is tentative and not final. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Parliament is authorised to modify or replace the same.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Duration and Tenure in State Legislature<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Legislative Assembly<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Legislative Council<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Normal term is 5 years from the date of first session<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The legislative council is a permanent body.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the Governor can dissolve it anytime.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One third members retire every two years and vacancy is filled at beginning of third year<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During an emergency its term can be extended by one year at a time. But not beyond a period of 6 months after an emergency is revoked.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Term of each member is 6 years. A member can be re-elected or re nominated any number of times<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Qualifications for Membership in State Legislature<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; width: 99.0541%;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Qualifications under Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 7.56757%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 91.4865%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Must be a citizen of India<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 7.56757%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 91.4865%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">25 years or above for Legislative Assembly<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 7.56757%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 91.4865%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">30 or above for Legislative Council<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 7.56757%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 91.4865%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the Parliament.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; width: 99.0541%;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Additional Qualifications under RPA (1951)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 7.56757%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 91.4865%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A person to be elected to the legislative council must be an elector for an assembly constituency in the concerned state and to be qualified for the governor\u2019s nomination, he must be a resident in the concerned state.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 7.56757%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 91.4865%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A person to be elected to the legislative assembly must be an elector for an assembly constituency in the concerned state<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 7.56757%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 91.4865%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He must be a member of the SC or ST if he wants to contest a seat reserved for them. However, a member of SC or ST can also contest a seat not reserved for them.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Disqualification Criteria for State Legislature Members<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 1625px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; width: 98.9189%; height: 74px;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Under the provisions of the Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Holds an office of profit under GOI or any State Government, other than that of a Minister at the centre or any state or an office declared by a law of the State (except any exemption made by certain states)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mentally unsound as declared by a competent Court<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An undischarged insolvent<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not an Indian citizen or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State or is under any acknowledgement of adherence\/allegiance to a foreign nation<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disqualified under any law made by Parliament<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; width: 98.9189%; height: 74px;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Disqualification under Representation of Peoples Act, 1951<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He must not have been found guilty of certain election offences or corrupt practices in the elections<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He must not have been convicted for any offence resulting in imprisonment for two or more years. The detention of a person under a <strong>preventive detention law is not a disqualification<\/strong>.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He must not have failed to lodge an account of his election expenses within the time<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He must not have any interest in government contracts, works or services<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He must not be a director or managing agent nor hold an office of profit in a corporation in which the government has at least 25 per cent share.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He must not have been dismissed from government service for corruption or disloyalty to the state.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He must not have been convicted for promoting enmity between different groups or for the offence of bribery<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He must not have been punished for preaching and practicing social crimes such as untouchability, dowry and sati<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section 8 (3) of the Act states that if an MP or MLA is convicted for any other crime and is sent to jail for 2 years or more, he\/ she will be disqualified for 6 years from the time of release.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; width: 98.9189%; height: 74px;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Ruling Of Supreme Court Regarding Section 8(4)- RPA<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 240px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 98.9189%; height: 240px;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section 8(4) allowed convicted MPs, MLAs and MLCs to continue in their posts, provided they appealed against their conviction\/sentence in higher courts within 3 months of the date of judgment by the trial court.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>The Supreme Court in July 2013 struck down section 8(4) of the RPA, 1951 and declared it ultra vires and held that the disqualification takes place from the date of conviction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; width: 98.9189%; height: 74px;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Defection Disqualification in State Legislatures<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 119px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 99px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 99px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A person shall be disqualified for being a member of either House of state legislature if he is so disqualified on the ground of defection under the provisions of the Tenth Schedule.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The question of disqualification under the Tenth Schedule is decided by the Chairman, in the case of legislative council and Speaker, in the case of legislative assembly (and not by the Governor).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 6.35135%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 92.5676%; height: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Supreme Court in 1992 ruled that the decision of the Chairman\/Speaker in this regard is subject to judicial review.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>What is the role of the tenth schedule in State Legislatures regarding Anti-Defection Laws?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Tenth Schedule was inserted in the Constitution in 1985 by the <strong>52nd Amendment Act<\/strong>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">It lays down the process by which legislators may be disqualified on grounds of defection by the <strong>Presiding Officer<\/strong> of a legislature based on a petition by any other member of the House.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The decision on question as to disqualification on ground of defection is referred to the <strong>Chairman or the Speaker<\/strong> of such House, and his decision is final.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The law applies to both <strong>Parliament and state assemblies<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>State Government Ministerial Oaths<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Article 164(3)<\/strong> states that before a Minister enters upon his office, the <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/governor\/\">GOVERNOR<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shall administer to him the oaths of office and of secrecy according to the forms set out in the Third Schedule.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>State Legislature Members&#8217; Salaries and Allowances<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members of a state legislature are entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined by the state legislature.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Vacating Seats in State Legislatures<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>In the following cases, a member of the state legislature vacates his seat:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Double Membership<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A person cannot be a member of both Houses of state legislature at one and the same time<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disqualification<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a member of the state legislature becomes subject to any of the disqualifications, his seat becomes vacant.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Resignation<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A member may resign his seat by writing to the Chairman of legislative council or Speaker of legislative assembly, as the case may be. The seat falls vacant when the resignation is accepted<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Absence<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A House of the state legislature can declare the seat of a member vacant if he absents himself from all its meeting for a period of sixty days without its permission<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other Cases<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If his election is declared void by the Court.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>If he is expelled from the house.<\/li>\n<li>If he is elected to the office of President or office of vice-President.<\/li>\n<li>If he is appointed to the office of governor of a state<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Presiding Officers in State Legislature: Roles and Responsibilities<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each House of state legislature has its own presiding officer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">PRESIDING OFFICERS\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Legislative Assembly\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Speaker<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Deputy Speaker<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Legislative Council\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chairperson<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Deputy Chairman<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Role and Tenure of the Speaker in the Legislative Assembly<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Speaker and a Deputy Speaker are presiding officers for the Legislative Assembly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Speaker is elected by the assembly itself from amongst its members.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remains in office during the life of the assembly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.5244%; height: 162px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 117.962%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; height: 74px;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Speaker Vacates Seat If<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.703%; height: 20px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112.259%; height: 20px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He ceases to be a member of the assembly;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.703%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112.259%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He reigns by writing to the deputy speaker;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.703%; height: 58px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112.259%; height: 58px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He is removed by a resolution passed (with a 14 days advance notice) by a majority of all the then members of the assembly.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Role and Authority of the Speaker in the State Legislative Assembly<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The speaker does not take part in the debate and usually does not vote, except in case of tie.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He maintains order and decorum in the assembly for conducting its business and regulating its proceedings.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Speaker can exercise a casting vote in the case of a tie.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He may adjourn or suspend the sitting of the House if a quorum is not there, or to restore discipline.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He may even suspend or expel members of the House for unruly behaviour.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He decides the questions of disqualification of a member of the assembly, arising on the ground of defection under the provisions of the Tenth Schedule<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He appoints the chairpersons of all the committees of the assembly and supervises their functioning.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.5079%; height: 144px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 390.724%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; height: 74px;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Speaker is the chairman of \u2013<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 10.4101%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 10px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 380.314%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 10px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Business Advisory Committee<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 10.4101%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 380.314%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rules Committee<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 10.4101%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 380.314%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General Purpose Committee<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9561%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 230.691%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Speaker is the Final Interpreter of the Provisions of \u2013<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.56492%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 225.126%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Constitution of India<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.56492%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 225.126%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The rules of procedure and conduct of business of assembly<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.56492%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 225.126%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The legislative precedents, within the assembly.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He decides whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not and his decision cannot be challenged in the court of law.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reforming the Role and Powers of the Speaker in India for Autonomy and Impartiality:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Power of the speaker<\/strong> under Schedule 10 should be <strong>withdrawn and endow Election commission<\/strong> with the same.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ideally he should resign from his party after his appointment as Speaker \u2013 Following British practice<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The speaker should be given a second tenure and <strong>his constituency should go uncontested.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No appointment of speakers to <strong>political positions<\/strong> after retirement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political parties must not consider speakers\u2019 posts as a gift they can offer indiscriminately to any senior party leader.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Role and Responsibilities of the Deputy Speaker in the State Legislative Assembly<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Deputy Speaker is also elected by the assembly itself from amongst its members.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He is elected after the election of the Speaker has taken place.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Deputy Speaker performs the duties of the Speaker\u2019s office when it is vacant or absent from the sitting of assembly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In both cases, he has all the powers of the Speaker.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.5969%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 118.049%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Deputy Speaker vacates seat if<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 7.87009%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 110.179%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He ceases to be a member of the assembly;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 7.87009%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 110.179%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He reigns by writing to the deputy speaker;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 7.87009%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 110.179%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He is removed by a resolution passed (with a 14 days advance notice) by a majority of all the then members of the assembly.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <strong>Speaker nominates<\/strong> from amongst the members a <strong>panel of chairman<\/strong>. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any one of them can preside over the assembly in the <strong>absence of the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The salaries and allowances of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the assembly are fixed by the state legislature. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State and thus are not subject to the annual vote of the state legislature.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Role and Functions of the Chairman in the State Legislative Council<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chairman and a Deputy Chairman are presiding officers for the Legislative Council.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chairman is elected by the council itself from amongst its members.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The business of the legislative council is conducted by the Chairman. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He presides over the meetings and maintains discipline and order in the House.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a presiding officer, the powers and functions of the Chairman in the council are similar to those of the Speaker in the assembly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Speaker has<strong> one special power<\/strong> which is not enjoyed by the Chairman. <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Speaker decides whether a bill is a <strong>Money Bill<\/strong> or not and his decision on this question is final.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Deputy Chairman&#8217;s Role in the State Legislative Council<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Deputy Chairman is also elected by the council itself from amongst its members.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.5244%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 117.962%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Deputy Dy. chairperson vacates seat if<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.43126%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112.53%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He ceases to be a member of the assembly;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.43126%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112.53%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He resigns by writing to the deputy speaker;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.43126%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112.53%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He is removed by a resolution passed (with a 14 days advance notice) by a majority of all the then members of the assembly.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Deputy Chairman performs the duties of the Chairman\u2019s office when it is vacant or absent. In both the cases, he has all the powers of the Chairman.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chairman nominates from amongst the members a panel of vice-chairman. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any one of them can preside over the council in the absence of the Chairman or the Deputy Chairman.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He has the same powers as the chairman when presiding. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He holds office until a new panel of vice-chairman is nominated.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The salaries and allowances of the Chairperson and the Deputy Chairperson of the Council are fixed by the state legislature. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State and thus are not subject to the annual vote of the state legislature.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 97.015%; height: 1611px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 114.163%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; height: 74px; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">General Provisions<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 23px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 168<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 23px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constitution of Legislatures in states<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 169<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in states<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 17px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 170<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 17px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Composition of the Legislative Assemblies<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 171<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Composition of the Legislative Councils<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 172<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Duration of State Legislatures<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 11px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 173<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 11px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Qualification for membership of the State Legislature<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 13px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 174<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 13px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 18px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 175<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 18px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 176<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Special address by the Governor<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 11px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 177<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 11px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 114.163%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Officers of the State Legislature<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 178<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 16px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 179<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 16px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 180<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 21px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 181<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 21px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 22px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 182<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 22px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 23px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 183<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 23px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 14px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 184<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 14px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 185<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 186<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 16px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 187<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 16px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secretariat of State Legislature<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 114.163%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Conduct of Business<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 188<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oath or affirmation by members<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 12px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 189<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 12px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 114.163%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Disqualifications of Members<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 14px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 190<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 14px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vacation of seats<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 191<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disqualifications for membership<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 128px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 192<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decision on questions as to disqualifications of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">members<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 193<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under Article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 114.163%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 128px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 41px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 194<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 41px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Powers, privileges, etc., of the House of Legislatures <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and of the members and committees thereof<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 21px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 195<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 21px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salaries and allowances of members<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 114.163%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Legislative Procedure<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 22px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 196<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 22px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 38px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 197<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 38px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 33px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 198<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 33px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Special procedure in respect of Money Bills<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 199<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Definition of \u201cMoney Bills\u201d<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 200<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 15px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assent to Bills<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 201<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bills reserved for consideration<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 114.163%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Procedure in Financial Matter<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 18px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 202<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 18px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Annual financial statement<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 16px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 203<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 16px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 14px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 204<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 14px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriation Bills<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 17px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 205<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 17px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supplementary, additional or excess grants<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 11px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 206<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 11px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 11px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 207<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 11px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Special provisions as to financial Bills<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 114.163%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>General Procedure<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 22px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 208<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 22px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rules of procedure<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 25px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 209<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 25px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the state in relation to financial business<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 18px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 210<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 18px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Language to be used in the Legislature<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 211<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Restriction on discussion in the Legislature<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 12px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 212<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 12px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 114.163%; height: 74px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Legislative Powers of the Governor<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.0783%; height: 18px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 213<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 100.085%; height: 18px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Procedures and Dynamics of State Legislature Sessions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong>1. SUMMONING<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It means that the members of the legislature have to be present for conducting the business of the legislature.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<strong> Governor<\/strong> of State summons the two Houses of the legislature which has to meet at least twice a year.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>2<\/strong>. <strong>ADJOURNMENT<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The presiding officer of the house <strong>suspends the sitting of the house for a specified time<\/strong> that may be hours, days or weeks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the meeting is postponed for an <strong>indefinite time<\/strong> without stating a fixed time for the next meeting, it is called <strong>Adjournment sine die<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a03. <span style=\"font-family: var(--list--font-family); background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">PROROGATION<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It means the session of the House has been <strong>terminated<\/strong> by an order made by the Governor after the presiding officer declares the House adjourns <strong>sine die<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Governor can also prorogate the House in session.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prorogation terminates both the sitting and session of the House whereas adjournment just postpones a sitting.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The time between the Prorogation and Reassembly of the Houses is called <strong>Recess<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4. DISSOLUTION<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legislative Council is a <strong>permanent house<\/strong>, therefore the term dissolution is used in the context of Legislative assembly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legislative assembly gets dissolved at the <strong>completion of the term of 5 years<\/strong> from the date appointed for its first meeting.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <strong>outgoing state cabinet<\/strong> recommends the Governor to dissolve the Legislative assembly to pave the way for the newly constituted Legislative assembly after the general election<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another manner in which the Legislative assembly gets dissolved is when the ruling party loses the majority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In that case, the <strong>Council of Ministers<\/strong> must resign and the prerogative to dissolve the Legislative assembly is transferred to the Governor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He may ask other parties to prove their majority, failing which fresh elections need to be held.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; width: 99.0541%;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">The position with respect to lapsing of bills on the dissolution of the assembly is mentioned below:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 5.94595%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 93.1081%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bill pending in the assembly lapses (whether originating in the assembly or transmitted to it by the council).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 5.94595%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 93.1081%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Bill passed by the assembly but pending in the council lapses.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 5.94595%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 93.1081%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Bill pending in the council but not passed by the assembly does not lapse.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 5.94595%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 93.1081%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Bill passed by the assembly (in a unicameral state) or passed by both the houses (in a bicameral state) but pending assent of the Governor or the President does not lapse.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 5.94595%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 93.1081%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Bill passed by the assembly (in a unicameral state) or passed by both the Houses (in a bicameral state) but returned by the President for reconsideration of House (s) does not lapse<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Quorum in State Legislature: Requirements and Implications<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Until the Legislature of the State by law otherwise provides, the quorum to constitute a meeting of a House of the Legislature of a State shall be <strong>ten members or one-tenth of the total number<\/strong> of members of the House, whichever is greater.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Presiding officer adjourns or suspends the meeting until there is a quorum.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Language Policies in State Legislatures: Official Languages and Provisions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <strong>Constitution has declared the official language(s) of the state<\/strong>, <strong>Hindi or English<\/strong>, to be the languages for transacting business in the state legislature.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the presiding officer can permit a member to address the House in his mother-tongue.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <strong>state legislature<\/strong> is authorised to decide whether to continue or discontinue English as a floor language after the completion of fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution (i.e., from 1965).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the case of <strong>Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya <\/strong>and<strong> Tripura<\/strong>, this time limit is <strong>twenty-five<\/strong> years and that of <strong>Arunachal Pradesh, Goa and Mizoram, it is forty years<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Participation Rights of Ministers and Advocate General in State Legislature Proceedings<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every <strong>minister and the Advocate General of the State<\/strong> have the right to speak and take part in the proceedings of either House or any of its committees of which he is named a member, without being entitled to vote.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A minister can participate in the proceedings of a House, of which he is not a member.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A minister, who is not a member of either House, can participate in the proceedings of both the Houses<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Voting Procedures and Special Majority Requirements in State Legislature Sessions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All matters at any sitting of either House are decided by a <strong>majority of votes<\/strong> of the members present and voting excluding the presiding officer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Matters which are specifically mentioned in the Constitution like <strong>removal of the Speaker<\/strong> of the assembly, <strong>removal of the Chairman<\/strong> of the council and so on <strong>require special majority<\/strong>, not ordinary majority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Speaker exercises a <strong>casting vote<\/strong> in the case of an equality of votes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Legislative Procedures: Passage of Ordinary Bills in State Legislature<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>ORDINARY BILL<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. BILL IN THE ORIGINATING HOUSE<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A bill follows the same legislative procedure as in the Centre<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can be <strong>introduced by a minister<\/strong> or any other member in the Legislative Assembly in case of the unicameral legislature or either house in case of a bicameral legislature.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In case of the bicameral legislature-Transfer to the other house after being passed by the house in which the bill originated.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">2. BILL IN THE SECOND HOUSE<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Legislative Assembly can pass the bill <strong>with or without recommendations<\/strong> suggested by the legislative procedure council.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The legislative council can <strong>reject the bill or keep the bill for three months<\/strong> without taking any action.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But if the Legislative Assembly passes the bill again and transfers it to the Council, the <strong>council can keep the bill for one month again<\/strong>, not passing it, rejecting it or passing it with amendments not acceptable or acceptable to the Legislative Assembly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In all of the cases mentioned above, the Legislative Assembly will pass the bill after the expiry of one month.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is <strong>no provision of joint sitting<\/strong> in the state legislature.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Assent of the Governor: Legislative Bill Approval Process in State Legislature<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9774%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 116.382%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">The Governor can-<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 2.8157%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 113.567%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Give his assent after which it becomes an Act<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 2.8157%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 113.567%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reject the bill<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 2.8157%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 113.567%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Return the bill for reconsideration. If the Houses pass the bill after such reconsideration the Governor has to assent to the bill.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 2.8157%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 113.567%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reserve the bill for the President<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>ARTICLE 201: Presidential Assent for Reserved Bills in State Legislature<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assent of the President in case a bill is reserved by the Governor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The President may assent, withhold his assent or return the bill for reconsideration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When a bill is returned, the House or Houses have to reconsider it within a period of six months.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The bill is presented again to the presidential assent after it is passed by the House or Houses with or without amendments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is not mentioned in the Constitution whether it is obligatory on the part of the president to give his assent to such a bill or not.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Article 199: Legislative Process for Money Bills in State Legislature<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No money bill can be introduced without the governor\u2019s recommendation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Such a bill is a government bill and can be introduced only by a minister.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can be introduced only in legislative assembly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The bill if passed goes to the legislative council, the council can only discuss it and make recommendations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has to return the bill with or without recommendations within 14 days.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The assembly may reject or accept such recommendations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The bill is then given to the Governor for assent. The Governor may give or withhold it or send it for the President&#8217;s consideration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">President too may give or withhold assent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But neither the Governor nor President can return the bill for reconsideration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Privileges of State Legislature: Collective and Individual Rights<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Privileges of a state legislature are a sum of special rights, immunities and exemptions enjoyed by the Houses of state legislature, their committees and their members.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. COLLECTIVE PRIVILEGES<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has the right to publish its reports, debates and proceedings and also the right to prohibit others from publishing the same.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can exclude strangers from its proceedings and hold secret sittings to discuss some important matters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can make rules to regulate its own procedure and the conduct of its business and to adjudicate upon such matters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can punish members as well as outsiders for breach of its privileges or its contempt by reprimand, admonition or imprisonment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has the right to receive immediate information of the arrest, detention, conviction, imprisonment and release of a member.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The courts are prohibited to inquire into the proceedings of a House or its Committees.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No person (either a member or outsider) can be arrested, and no legal process (civil or criminal) can be served within the precincts of the House without the permission of the presiding officer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can institute inquiries and order the attendance of witnesses and send for relevant papers and records.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a02. INDIVIDUAL PRIVILEGES<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They cannot be arrested (not applicable in criminal cases) during the session of the state legislature and <strong>40 days before the beginning<\/strong> and<strong> 40 days after<\/strong> the end of such a session.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They have <strong>freedom of speech<\/strong> in the state legislature. No member is liable to any proceedings in any court for anything said or any vote given by him in the state legislature or its committees.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are <strong>exempted from jury service<\/strong>. They can refuse to give evidence and appear as a witness in a case pending in a court when the state legislature is in session.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Comparative Analysis of Parliament vs. State Legislature in India<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.0146%; height: 8122px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 48.9484%; height: 30px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Union Parliament<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 52.2937%; height: 30px;\"><strong>State Legislatures<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 48.9484%; height: 90px;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bicameral<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 52.2937%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mostly unicameral \u2013 only 6 states are bicameral<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 48.9484%; height: 90px;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 79 to122 in Part V of the Constitution<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 52.2937%; height: 90px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Articles 168 to 212 in Part VI of the Constitution<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 1798px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 45.839%; height: 1798px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>With Regard to Ordinary Bill:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. It can be introduced in either House of the Parliament.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. It can be introduced either by a minister or by a private member.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. It passes through first reading, second reading and third reading in the originating House.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. It is deemed to have been passed by the Parliament only when both the Houses have agreed to it, either with or without amendments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. A deadlock between the two Houses takes place when the second House, after receiving a bill passed by the first House, rejects the bill or proposes amendments that are not acceptable to the first House or does not pass the bill within six months.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6. The Constitution provides for the mechanism of joint sitting of two Houses of the Parliament to resolve a deadlock between them over the passage of a bill.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7. The Lok Sabha cannot override the Rajya Sabha by passing the bill for the second time and vice versa. A joint sitting is the only way to resolve a deadlock between the two Houses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8. The mechanism of joint sitting for resolving a deadlock applies to a bill whether originating in the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. If a joint sitting is not summoned by the president, the bill ends and becomes dead.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 55.4031%; height: 1798px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>With Regard to Ordinary Bill:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. It can be introduced in either House of the state legislature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. It can be introduced either by a minister or by a private member.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. It passes through first reading, second reading and third reading in the originating House.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. It is deemed to have been passed by the state legislature only when both the Houses have agreed to it, either with or without amendments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. A deadlock between the two Houses takes place when the legislative council, after receiving a bill passed by the legislative assembly, rejects the bill or proposes amendments that are not acceptable to the legislative assembly or does not pass the bill within three months.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6. The Constitution does not provide for the mechanism of joint sitting of two Houses of the state legislature to resolve a deadlock between them over the passage of a bill.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7. The legislative assembly can <strong>override the legislative council<\/strong> by passing the bill for the second time and not vice versa. When a bill is passed by the assembly for the second time and transmitted to the legislative council, if the legislative council rejects the bill again, or proposes amendments that are not acceptable to the legislative assembly, or does not pass the bill within one month, then the bill is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses in the form in which it was passed by the legislative assembly for the second time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8. The mechanism of passing the bill for the second time to <strong>resolve a deadlock<\/strong> applies to a bill originating in the legislative assembly only. When a bill, which has originated in the legislative council and sent to the legislative assembly, is rejected by the latter, the bill ends and becomes dead.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 1886px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 45.839%; height: 1886px;\"><strong>With Regard to Money Bill:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf It can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf It can be introduced only on the recommendation of the President.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf It can be introduced only by a minister and not by a private member<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf It cannot be rejected or amended by the Rajya Sabha. It should be returned to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, either with or without recommendations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf The Lok Sabha can either accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf If the Lok Sabha accepts any recommendation, the bill is then deemed to have been passed by both the Houses in the modified form.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf If the Lok Sabha does not accept any recommendation, the bill is then deemed to have been passed by both the Houses in the form originally passed by the Lok Sabha without any change.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf If the Rajya Sabha does not return the bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses at the expiration of the said period in the form originally passed by the Lok Sabha.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf The Constitution does not provide for the resolution of any deadlock between the two Houses. This is because, the will of the Lok Sabha is made to prevail over that of the Rajya Sabha, if the latter does not agree to the bill passed by the former.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 55.4031%; height: 1886px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>With Regard to Money Bill:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf It can be introduced only in the legislative assembly and not in the legislative council.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf It can be introduced only on the recommendation of the Governor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf It can be introduced only by a minister and not by a private member.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf It cannot be rejected or amended by the legislative council. It should be returned to the legislative assembly within 14 days, either with or without amendments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf The legislative assembly can either accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of the legislative council.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf If the legislative assembly accepts any recommendation, the bill is then deemed to have been passed by both the Houses in the modified form.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf If the legislative assembly does not accept any recommendation, the bill is then deemed to have been passed by both the Houses in the form originally passed by the legislative assembly without any change.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf If the legislative council does not return the bill to the legislative assembly within 14 days, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses at the expiration of the said period in the form originally passed by the legislative assembly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25cf The Constitution does not provide for the resolution of any deadlock between the two Houses. This is because, the will of the Legislative Assembly is made to prevail over that of the Legislative Council, if the latter does not agree to the bill passed by the former.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 1900px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 48.9484%; height: 1900px;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a bill is introduced in a House, and it passes it, then the other House can:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Pass the bill as it is.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Reject the bill altogether.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Pass the bill with some modifications and return it to the first House for reconsideration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Nothing is done to the bill for 6 months, which means both Houses are in disagreement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this case, a joint sitting of both the Houses is convened and made, to break the constitutional deadlock.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Note: In the case of Money Bill, which is to be introduced only in the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha has restricted powers.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 52.2937%; height: 1900px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Legislative Councils (LC) have only advisory powers by and large.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They have lesser powers when it comes to law-making.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a bill is introduced in the LC, which is passed by it, and it goes on to the Assembly:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. The Assembly rejects the bill.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. It passes the bill with some modifications which are unacceptable to the LC.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In both the above cases, the bill comes to an end.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, if the bill originates in the Assembly, and it is either rejected or passed with modifications not acceptable by the LC, it does not come to an end.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is no provision for a joint sitting of the Council and the Assembly. In the case of a disagreement, the decision of the Assembly is deemed final.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Note: Money bills can originate only in the Legislative Assembly.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 536px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 48.9484%; height: 536px;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Members:<\/strong> Lok Sabha: 552 (Max.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Rajya Sabha:<\/strong> 250 (Max.)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 52.2937%; height: 536px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Members:<\/strong> Legislative Assembly: Between 40 and 500<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Legislative Council:<\/strong> Not more than one-third of the membership of the State Legislative Assembly, and cannot be under 40.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 1792px;\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 48.9484%; height: 1792px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Election to the Rajya Sabha:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies by means of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: left; width: 52.2937%; height: 1792px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Election to the Legislative Councils:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members are elected by five different constituencies through a process of the single transferable vote system.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. \u2153 of the members are elected by the local authorities&#8217; representatives (Gram Panchayats, Municipalities, Block Parishads, etc.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. \u2153 of the members by the MLAs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. 1\/12 of the members are elected by the teachers (of secondary schools, colleges and universities) in the state.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. 1\/12 are elected by the graduates in the state.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. Remaining 1\/6th are nominated by the Governor from persons having experience or knowledge in the fields of science, art, literature, social service or cooperative movement.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 <span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Removal of Reservation for Anglo-Indians in Legislative Bodies: Implications and Rationale<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Constitution (126<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Amendment) Bill passed by the Parliament effectively does away with reservation for Anglo-Indian members in Lok Sabha, Assemblies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anglo-Indians were provided two nominated seats in the Lok Sabha and one nominated seat in the State Legislative Assemblies to ensure adequate representation of the community in elected legislative bodies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anglo-Indians constitute a religious, social, as well as a linguistic minority.Being numerically an extremely small community, and being interspersed all over India, the Anglo-Indians were provided reservations in legislative bodies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The reservation for the Anglo-Indian community was extended till the year 2020 through the 95<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amendment, 2009. Originally, this provision was to operate till 1960.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><strong>Odisha Government Plans to Establish Legislative Council<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Odisha government is expected to introduce a Bill in the Odisha Assembly for the creation of a Vidhan Parishad or Legislative Council (LC), a second House of legislature.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The State Cabinet has approved a 49-member Legislative Council, accepting the report of a committee set up in 2015 to study the functioning of the second chamber in other States and make recommendations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The committee recommended that Members of the Legislative Council\u2019s (MLC) salary should be the same as the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to it, like the MLAs, the MLCs too should be entitled to Local Area Development (LAD) funds and they should be given the opportunity to become ministers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Currently, six states have Legislative Councils\u2013 Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proposals to create Councils in Rajasthan and Assam are pending in Parliament.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the parliamentary committee that looked into these Bills cleared the proposals, it struck a cautionary note.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It wanted a national policy on having an Upper House in State legislatures to be framed by the Union government, so that a subsequent government doesn\u2019t abolish it.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also favoured a review of the provision in the law for Councils to have seats for graduates and teachers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Advantages of Establishing Legislative Councils in State Assemblies<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A second House can help <strong>check hasty actions<\/strong> by the directly elected House, and also enable non-elected individuals to contribute to the legislative process.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It provides a <strong>forum for academicians and intellectuals<\/strong>, who are arguably not suited for the rough and tumble of electoral politics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It provides a mechanism for a more sober and considered appraisal of legislation that a State may pass.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other arguments cited in favour of Legislative Councils range from their track record of sincere work, relevant amendments brought, non-confrontational attitude vis-\u00e0-vis legislative assembly, decorum and restraint in proceedings and <strong>drawing attention of both government and public to matters<\/strong> of public interest.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Drawbacks of Establishing Legislative Councils in State Assemblies<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Legislative Council can be used to <strong>delay legislation<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The forum is likely to be used to accommodate party functionaries who fail to get elected<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can also be an unnecessary <strong>drain on the exchequer<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moreover, graduates are no longer a rarity; also, with <strong>dipping educational standards<\/strong>, a graduate degree is no guarantee of any real intellectual heft.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Role and Significance of the Whip in Indian Politics<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every Political Party has its own whip, who is appointed by the party to serve as an assistant floor leader.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He has the responsibility of ensuring the attendance of his party members in large numbers and securing their support in favour of or against a particular issue.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He communicates the decision of the party leader to the members and the opinion of the party members to the party leader.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The members are supposed to follow the directives given by the Whip. Failing to do so can invite disciplinary actions like disqualification from party membership or expulsion under the Anti-Defection Law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The office of Whip, in India, is mentioned <strong>neither in the Constitution nor in the rules of the house, nor in the Parliamentary statutes<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is based on the <strong>conventions of the Parliamentary government<\/strong>. In India, the concept of the whip was inherited from colonial British rule.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Stability of Government:<\/strong> It may be possible that all the members of parliament, irrespective of their party affiliation, may hold different views (even different from the one held by their respective party leadership). In such a case, s\/he might deviate from the party view\/stand in times of voting.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Ensuring Attendance<\/strong> in Parliament for widespread discussion on important issues.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Whip&#8217;s Vital Role in Ensuring Parliamentary Stability and Attendance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Challenges and Criticisms of the Whip System in Parliamentary Governance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Against Constitutional Philosophy<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Force Consensus<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Undermine Participatory Governance<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Restrained Internal Democracy of the Political Party<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dictatorial Power<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Controversy Surrounding Office of Profit: Disqualification of Delhi MLAs<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recently, <strong>20 MLAs in Delhi<\/strong> were disqualified by the President for holding Office of profit.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2015, Delhi government appointed some of its legislators as Parliamentary secretaries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was followed by amendments to <strong>Delhi Members of Legislative Assembly (Removal of Disqualification) Act, 1997<\/strong>, with retrospective effect to exempt the post of parliamentary secretary from the definition of the \u201coffice of profit\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, <strong>Lt. Governor\u2019s assent<\/strong> to the amendment bill was not given, requiring the disqualification of the MLAs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/strong><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Concept of Office of Profit in Indian Politics<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Articles 102(1) a and 191 (1)<\/strong> a mention disqualifications on the basis of Office of Profit but it is neither defined in the constitution nor under Representation of People\u2019s Act.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 98.5772%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 106.856%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Supreme Court in Pradyut Bordoloi vs Swapan Roy (2001), the Supreme Court outlined the following questions for the test for office of Profit-<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.09771%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.758%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the government makes the appointment;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.09771%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.758%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the government has the right to remove or dismiss the holder;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.09771%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.758%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the government pays the remuneration;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.09771%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.758%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are the functions of the holder and does he perform them for the government;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.09771%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.758%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Does the government exercise any control over the performance of those functions<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Role and Controversies Surrounding Parliamentary Secretaries in Indian Politics<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He\/She is a member of the parliament who <strong>assists a more senior minister<\/strong> with his or her duties.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They often hold the <strong>rank of Minister of State<\/strong> and have the same entitlements and are assigned to a government department.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manipur, HP, Mizoram, Assam, Rajasthan, Punjab, Goa are some of the states where MLAs have been appointed Parliament Secretaries by the Government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, various petitions in the High Court have challenged the appointment of Parliament Secretary.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In June 2015, Calcutta HC quashed appointment of 24 Parliamentary Secretaries in West Bengal dubbing it.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similar actions were taken by the Bombay High Court, Himachal Pradesh High Court, Delhi High Court etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Is the Delhi Government Making a Renewed Push for Full Statehood?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Delhi government has decided to give another push to its demand for full statehood to Delhi with a public campaign.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Special Provisions for Delhi: Legislative Evolution and Governance Framework<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 69th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1991 provided a special status to the Union Territory of Delhi, and re-designated it as the <strong>National Capital Territory of Delh<\/strong>i and designated the administrator of Delhi as the Lieutenant governor (LG).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It created a <strong>legislative assembly and a council<\/strong> of ministers for Delhi. Previously, Delhi had a metropolitan council and an executive council.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The strength of the assembly is fixed at <strong>70 members<\/strong>, directly elected by the people. The elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The strength of the council of ministers is fixed at <strong>ten per cent<\/strong> of the total strength of the assembly (i.e. seven)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Comparative Analysis of Delhi Government Structure versus State Government<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The chief minister is appointed by the <strong>President<\/strong> (not by the LG). The other ministers are appointed by the president on the advice of the chief minister.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ministers hold office during the <strong>pleasure of the President<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Assembly can make laws on all the matters of the state list and concurrent list except three matters of the state list \u2013 public order, police and land. But laws of Parliament prevail over those made by the assembly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In case of difference of opinion between the LG and the ministers, LG needs to refer the matter to the President for decision and act according to the President&#8217;s direction.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Enroll now for UPSC Online Coaching<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Delhi&#8217;s Legislative Setup Compared to Other Union Territories<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir have a legislative assembly and council of ministers headed by a Chief Minister. Therefore, the Administrators of these two UTs are meant to act upon the aid and advice of the Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\">Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir are the only Union Territories with their own High Courts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 98.7408%; height: 156px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 36px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 2689.07%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; height: 36px; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ffffff;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 54.4983%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NCERT Notes For UPSC<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2634.58%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/daily-current-affairs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UPSC Daily Current Affairs<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 54.4983%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UPSC Blogs<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2634.58%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UPSC Daily Editorials<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 54.4983%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/quiz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daily Current Affairs Quiz<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2634.58%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daily Main Answer Writing<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 54.4983%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-previous-year-papers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UPSC Mains Previous Year Papers<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2634.58%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; 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