{"id":3861,"date":"2021-01-21T13:24:41","date_gmt":"2021-01-21T07:54:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?page_id=3861"},"modified":"2024-03-15T12:12:57","modified_gmt":"2024-03-15T06:42:57","password":"","slug":"important-issues-in-post-independence-history","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/important-issues-in-post-independence-history","title":{"rendered":"India After Independence"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"width: 99.1495%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">India After Independence: Vision, Milestones, and the Emergency Era<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To prepare for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/post-independence-history-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India After Independence<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know about the Important Issues in India After Independence. It gives an idea of all the important topics for the IAS Exam and the Economy syllabus (GS-II.). India After Independence terms are important from Economic perspectives in the UPSC exam. IAS aspirants should thoroughly understand their meaning and application, as questions can be asked from this static portion of the IAS Syllabus in both the UPSC Prelims and the UPSC Mains exams.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article you will learn about \u2013Shastri Era, <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/indira-gandhi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indira Gandhi Era<\/a>, Emergency in India (1975-77), Naxalite Movement, Communalism Events in India, Communalism Events in India, Bhopal Gas Tragedy, Shah Bano Case, Shah Bano Case<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>India After Independence: Shastri&#8217;s Challenge<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Introduction:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nehru\u2019s death provided a challenge to the India After Independence political system. Contrary to the predictions that the Indian political system and congress will fall into turmoil in the issue of succession, it happened in a mature manner showing the strength of Indian democracy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The succession occurred under the direction of a group of Congress leaders who came to be collectively known as the Syndicate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The group, formed in 1963, consisted of K. Kamaraj, the Congress president, and regional party bosses, Atulya Ghosh of Bengal, S.K. Patil of Bombay, N. Sanjeeva Reddy of Andhra Pradesh, and S. Nijalingappa of Mysore (Karnataka).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When they had to decide between Shastri and Morarji Desai they favoured Shastri because, in addition to his other qualities, he had wider acceptability in the party which would keep the party united.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shastri, elected unopposed as the parliamentary leader by the party MPs, was sworn in as prime minister on 2 June 1964.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Shastri&#8217;s Leadership Approach and Autonomy in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shastri did not make any major changes in Nehru\u2019s cabinet, except for persuading Indira Gandhi to join it as Minister of Information and Broadcasting.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under him the cabinet ministers functioned more autonomously. He also did not interfere in party affairs or with the working of the state governments.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>PROBLEMS FACED IN INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE DURING SHASTRI\u2019S PRIME MINISTERSHIP ARE:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The problem of the official language of Hindi versus English, flared up in 1965.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The demands for a Punjabi Suba (state) and Goa\u2019s merger with Maharashtra were also allowed to simmer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic problems:<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The economy of India After Independence had been stagnating in the previous few years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There had been a slowdown in the rate of industrial growth and the balance of payments problem had worsened.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most serious problem was the severe shortage of food. <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/agriculture\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Agricultural<\/a> production had slowed down, there was severe drought in several states in 1965 and buffer food stocks were depleted to a dangerous extent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Critics said that the government did not deal with them in a decisive manner as it followed a policy of drift instead.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clearly, long-term measures were needed to deal with the situation. But those were not taken, particularly as the chief ministers of food grain-surplus states refused to cooperate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the US suspended all food aid because of the Indo-Pak war, the government was compelled to introduce statutory rationing but it covered only seven major cities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government also created the State Food Trading Corporation in January 1965, but it did not succeed in procuring a significant amount of food grains.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, one positive development was the initiation of the Green Revolution strategy with the purpose of increasing agricultural output and achieving self-sufficiency in food in the long run.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>CHANGE IN SHASTRI\u2019S ATTITUDE AND THE GOVERNMENT IN INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In general, initially Shastri was accused by critics of being \u2018a prisoner of indecision\u2019 and of failing to give a direction to government policies or even to lead and control his cabinet colleagues<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the passage of time, however, Shastri began to show greater independence and to assert himself.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian government was among the first to criticize the US bombing of North Vietnam.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shastri also set up his own Prime Minister\u2019s Secretariat, headed by L.K. Jha was a source of information and advice to the prime minister on policy matters, independent of the ministries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Secretariat, which came to be known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/prime-ministers-office\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prime Minister\u2019s Office<\/a> (PMO) started acquiring a great deal of influence and power in the making and execution of government policy<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>ROLE OF SHASTRI IN INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Security<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His display of military prowess was evident in his handling of the surprise attack of Pakistan on Kashmir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shastri had responded to Pakistani provocations on the border through speeches in Parliament from the very beginning, making India\u2019s red lines clear.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was determined to convince President Khan that \u201cIndia had no desire whatsoever to acquire even one square inch of Pakistani territory but would never allow any interference by Pakistan in Kashmir which was an integral part of India.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His successful handling of the 1965 war(covered earlier), gave India a proper military framework and established India\u2019s military intelligence to be much more competent, compared to 1962.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By not approaching the UNSC for intervention, he helped reiterate to the world that Kashmir was a bilateral issue, and did not need involvement of world powers. This set the stage for India\u2019s diplomatic stance in world politics, as firm and uncompromising.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agriculture<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His unifying call of \u201cJai Jawan Jai Kisan\u201d was greatly helpful in unifying the nation behind the true saviours of the nation, the farmers and the soldiers and rallied all the citizens of India to support them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prime minister realized that India\u2019s food security needs were to be given primary interest after the continuous droughts. Hence, he promoted the green revolution with great fervor and put the nation on the track of self-sustenance in food.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite initial hiccups, he helped solve the language crisis in southern states by making sure the government continues to use English as a language and not imposing Hindi on them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During his tenure as Home Minister, he created the famous \u201cShastri Formula\u201d to contain agitation in the state of Assam and Punjab acceptable to all sections of the people.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/lal-bahadur-shastri-jai-jawan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lal Bahadur Shastri<\/a> In his tenure as rail minister he initiated the projects of railway upgradation and electrification. This was one the first steps taken toward modernization of railways in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>India After Independence: Challenges in Diplomacy &#8211; Tashkent Agreement<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inability to come out with a firmer agreement from Tashkent in dealing with Pakistan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In general, initially Shastri was accused by critics of being \u2018a prisoner of indecision\u2019 and of failing to give a direction to government policies or even to lead and control his cabinet colleagues.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the passage of time, however, Shastri began to show greater independence and to assert himself.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\">India Af<\/span>ter Independence: Shastri&#8217;s Inspirational Slogan<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri coined it during a public rally in 1965, the slogan struck a chord with an India that was fighting Pakistan at the border (Jai Jawan) and battling a severe food scarcity at home (Jai Kisan).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>India After Independence: Shastri&#8217;s Slogan and National Significance<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government recognized the significance of farmers and soldiers and encouraged them by playing a decisive role itself.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The aim was to boost the morale of soldiers fighting on the frontiers and to acknowledge the labour of farmers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The slogan gave a huge psychological boost to the farmers and soldiers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government\u2019s focus on white revolution led to the formation of AMUL. The autonomy of <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/national-milk-day-2023\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Dairy Development Board<\/a> (NDDB) also became an institutional point of reference for several other organisations including National Innovation Foundation. In that sense, Shastri was a great institution builder.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">it is Shastri\u2019s decisive leadership that helped India gain the upper hand. He ordered the bold move to invade West Pakistan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When food grain production was reduced by 1\/5th, food aid saved India from mass starvation. To overcome this shortage, Shastri asked experts to devise long-term strategies. He was instrumental in guiding both the Green Revolution and the White Revolution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He helped establish the Indian Council of Agriculture Research and experimented with hybrid seeds to increase crop productivity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The slogan was later changed as \u201cJai Jawan Jai Kisan Jai Vigyan\u201d by PM <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/remembering-atal-bihari-vajpayee\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Atal Bihari Vajpayee<\/a> to underscore the importance of Science and technology.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center;\"><strong><strong>Also Read: <\/strong><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/regional-discontent\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">REGIONALISM IN INDIA<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE:\u00a0 INDIRA GANDHI ERA<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\">India After Independence: Indira Gandhi&#8217;s Ascension<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Void was created after Shastri\u2019s death regarding succession but again was smoothly accomplished with the Syndicate&#8217;s choice of Indira Gandhi.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>PROBLEMS EXISTING IN INDIA AT THAT TIME WERE:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political:<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Punjab was on the boil and the Naga and Mizo areas were in rebellion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There was growing loss of public confidence in the administration<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Communal forces were on peak with demands like total ban on cow-slaughter.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constant disturbances and indiscipline in parliament with some opposition members showing complete disregard for parliamentary decorum.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic:<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The economy was in recession, fall in exports and industrial production.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severe drought led to galloping inflation and grave food shortages.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Budget deficits were growing, endangering the Fourth Five Year Plan<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The wars of 1962 and 1965 and the Pakistan\u2013China axis had led to a sharp rise in military expenditure and diversion of resources<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The capitalist pattern of development was increasing economic disparity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foreign affairs:<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India was heavily dependent for its food security on imports of wheat from the US under the PL-480 aid programme.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urgent need for economic aid by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>India After Independence: Management in Indira Gandhi Era<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Political Management by Indira Gandhi in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She dealt effectively with the demand for Punjabi Suba and being firm with the Naga and Mizo rebels, showing willingness to negotiate with them and accepting the Naga rebels\u2019 demand for autonomy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stood firm against the demand of ban on cow slaughter<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Economic Management by Indira Gandhi in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initially it could not reduce its administrative expenditure which the financial situation required but succeeded in dealing with the drought and famine situation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Devaluation of rupee: Under international pressure, consequently, the Government of India devalued the rupee. The devaluation failed in its stated objectives of increasing exports and attracting foreign capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Foreign affairs Management by Indira Gandhi in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urgently needing American wheat, financial aid and capital investment, she initially tried to build bridges with the United States.US promised India with PL-480 and give $900 million in aid. But actual dispatches to India were irregular<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With conditions by US like \u2018India change its farm policy\u2019s and also its position on Vietnam India decided to get out of this vulnerable position<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She signed a joint statement with the Soviet Union regarding US action in Vietnam<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India had agreed to the US proposal for an Indo-American Educational Foundation to be funded by PL-480 rupee funds to buy abandoned the proposal after criticism from various fronts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relations with other countries: a. Supported non-alignment to counter the danger of neo-colonialism emanating from the US and West European countries. b. She also expressed a desire to open a dialogue with China.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center;\"><strong><strong>Also Read: <\/strong><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/popular-movements-events-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">POPULAR MOVEMENTS IN INDIA<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>India After Independence: Dynamics of the Fourth General Elections<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Great political awakening among the people with 61% voting<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Factionalism started engulfing the Centre and the states.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now the central leadership supported the dominant groups in the states in order to secure its own position at the Centre<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opposition parties came together as some of them formed anti-Congress fronts in some states<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>India After Independence: Impact of Fourth General Election Results<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even though Congress won its majority drastically reduced in the Parliament and it lost its majority in the assemblies of eight states<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The beneficiaries of the Congress decline were the communal, feudal, right wing and regional parties.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>India After Independence: Long-Term Consequences of 1967 Elections<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 1967 elections heralded the era of the greater importance of rich and middle peasants in Indian politics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The other important feature of the coalition governments of the period was the beginning of the politics of defection.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>India After Independence: Coalition Governments Post-1967 Elections<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In states Congress was replaced by multiplicity of parties, groups and independents with Congress itself forming coalition governments in some states<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Failure:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Except the DMK government in Tamil Nadu and the Swatantra led government in Orissa, the coalition governments in all the other states proved to be highly unstable and could not stay in power for long due to the conflicts between the parties themselves, changing loyalties of MLA\u2019s.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Small parties and independents came to play an important role.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was clear for congress that it should have to renew itself and it could no longer get support on the basis of its role in the freedom struggle or its achievements during the Nehru era.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These elections changed the balance of power inside Congress.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Syndicate dominance was hit as many of its leaders lost the elections.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Role of Indira Gandhi strengthened<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>India After Independence: Political Dynamics Leading to the 1971 Elections<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/supreme-court-udaan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supreme Court<\/a> refused the government to abolish the privy purses of the princes <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/lok-sabha-election\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lok Sabha<\/a> was dissolved and elections were held in 1971 one year ahead of time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The non-Communist Opposition parties {Congress (O), the Jan Sangh, Swatantra and the Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP)} formed the Grand Alliance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effective slogan \u2018Garibi Hatao\u2019 (Remove Poverty) was also quoted during this period.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The results of the 1971 elections turned out to be an overwhelming personal triumph<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature of voting:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The elections also represented further politicization of the masses. People\u2019s votes had cut across religious, caste and regional barriers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elections had also shown that once national issues were raised, vote banks and politics of patronage became relatively irrelevant.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the fulfilment of the mandate of 1971 was again postponed as the Bangladesh crisis occurred. (Bangladesh war covered in Foreign policy section)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>India After Independence: The Emergency (1975-77)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>India After Independence: Declaration of Internal Emergency and Presidential Proclamation<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On June 26, 1975, President Fakkrauddin Ali Ahmed drew on Article 352 of the Constitution to declare a state of internal emergency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The presidential proclamation said, \u201cthe security of India is threatened by internal disturbance\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Emergency was in force from June 26, 1975 and March 21, 1977<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Events Responsible for imposition of emergency \u2013<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indira Gandhi emerged as an unparalleled leader after 1967. But this period also witnessed many tensions internally in the form of tussle between the party members as well as external in the form of rising corruption, economic and food crisis.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Economic Challenges of India After Independence During Emergency<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A combination of recession, growing unemployment, rampant inflation and scarcity of food grains created a serious economic crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India support to Bangladesh\u2019s liberation, materially, caused serious repercussions on India\u2019s foreign exchange reserves; it got drained and more resources were diverted to defence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consecutive monsoon failure in 1972 &#038; 73 affected India food grains availability and fuelled prices.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Large scale unemployment and economic recession led to industrial unrest and a wave of strikes in different parts of the country culminated in the <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/facts-about-indian-railways\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">All India railway<\/a> strike in May 1974.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Political Challenges of India After Independence During Emergency<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Congress started declining as a political organization.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government\u2019s capacity to redress the political crisis was impaired by corruption.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another development was the growing detachment of 3 major social group from Congress:<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The middle class turned against Congress because of price rise and corruption<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The rich peasantry started opposing Congress because of the threat of land reforms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The capitalists turned against Congress because of the talk of socialism, nationalization of banks and coal mining and anti-monopoly measures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This phase also witnessed the rise of Marxist activities as they didn\u2019t believe in Parliamentary politics. They used violent measures to overthrow the government.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Tussle with Judiciary and other Challenges of India After Independence During Emergency<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The union government under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, amended the constitution in the Parliament that it can abridge Fundamental rights while giving effect to DPSPs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later, In Kesavananda Bharti Case, the Apex Court ruled that there are some basic features of the constitution, which can\u2019t be amended.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a response, the Union Government changed the long-term precedent of appointing senior most judges in S.C. as Chief Justice. In 1973, the government set aside the seniority of three judges and appointed Justice N. Ray as Chief Justice of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>India After Independence: Raj Narain Case and Indira Gandhi&#8217;s Conviction<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Raj Narain was a socialist who was defeated by Mrs. Gandhi in Raebareli parliamentary constituency of UP.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under \u2018State of Uttar Pradesh Vs Raj Narain\u2019 case, he filed a petition challenging the election of Indira Gandhi on the ground that she misused the government machinery and resources to gain unfair advantage in her election campaign.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On June 12th 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lai Sinha found her guilty of misuse of government machinery for election campaigns. The court declared her election \u2018null and void\u2019 and barred her from contesting any election for 6 years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since, she was no longer an MP, so she cannot retain the post of Prime Minister as well. The court granted her the stay to take some more time to find the successor for Prime Minister\u2019s post.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the Supreme Court ordered a partial stay on the order, and the opposition pressed for her resignation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>India After Independence: Gujarat and Bihar Unrest\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In January 1974, students in Gujarat protested against rising prices, unemployment and corruption.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An Assembly election was held in Gujarat in June 1975 and the Congress was defeated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A similar agitation was started by the students in Bihar in March 1974.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After a point Jayprakash Narayan (JP) took the leadership of the movement and gave a call for \u2018Total Revolution\u2019<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, the student\u2019s movement assumed a political character.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>India After Independence: Jai Prakash (JP) Movement and Total Revolution<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The JP movement was one of the significant movements in India\u2019s political life after independence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jayprakash Narayan drew on the enormous discontent prevalent in the country to force a movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jay Prakash Narayan, popularly known as JP or \u2018Loknayak\u2019 was an eminent personality in India\u2019s Freedom Movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JP launched the \u2018Bihar Movement\u2019, started by the students in Bihar in 1974 where he provided perfect leadership to these students.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This agitation was inspired by the student protest in Gujarat. (We have discussed Gujarat and Bihar Movement in above points)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On 5th June, 1974 addressing a mammoth gathering of 5 lakh people in Gandhi Maidan at Patna, he launched the revolutionary programme called Total Revolution (Sampoorna Kranti) against immense corruption, economic crisis and inflation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the JP Movement, people set up parallel governments all over the state, didn\u2019t pay the taxes etc. The J.P. Movement attracted wide support from students, middle classes, traders, and a section of the intelligentsia. The J.P. Movement also got the backing of nearly all the non-left political parties.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The JP movement quickly spread to other parts of the country \u2013 this was mainly because it drew upon the widely held feeling that only a shift in power and a new beginning to India\u2019s political life could save India\u2019s democracy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>India After Independence: Total Revolution<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Revolution \u2013 Establishing equality and brotherhood in the society.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic Revolution \u2013 Decentralization of economy and making efforts to bring about economic equality by taking villages as the unit of development.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political Revolution \u2013 Ending political corruption, decentralization of politics and making public partners by giving them more rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cultural Revolution \u2013 Defending Indian culture and regeneration of cultural values in common man.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thought Revolution \u2013 Revolution in the way of thinking.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spiritual Revolution \u2013 Developing moral and spiritual values, and turning materialism towards spirituality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Educational Revolution-Making education occupation based and changing of education system.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Flaws in the Jai Prakash (JP) Movement of India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The aims of the movement were vague, impractical.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Socio-economic, political contents and the programme and policies of the movement were not properly defined.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The agitation methods adopted by the JP movement were extra-constitutional and undemocratic.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The movement was itself a coalition of too many disparate groups \u2013 the RSS, the Jan Sangh, the Anand Marg, Naxal groups etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The JP movement did not try to conceptualize radical changes like equalization of resources; as a result, its social base remained limited, not touching the peasantry and working class.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, by the end of 1974, the JP Movements got down because of the absence of organizational structures of the movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>India After Independence: Imposition of Emergency<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All these factors, especially Raj Narain Case and J P Movement played a decisive role in imposing a state of emergency on June 26, 1975 on the grounds of threat of internal disturbances, invoked article 352 of the constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once an emergency is proclaimed, the federal distribution of powers remains suspended and all the powers get concentrated in the Union government. Even the Fundamental rights get curtailed during such a period.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Union Government misused its powers, electricity of the newspaper houses got disconnected, and leaders of opposition parties were arrested.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Impact of Emergency in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Government curtailed the freedom of press via \u201cPress censorship\u201d and made it mandatory to get its approval before publishing it.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protests, strikes and public agitations were not allowed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental right of constitutional remedies to move the court for restoring their fundamental rights to get.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Religious and cultural organizations like R.S.S., Jamait-E-Islami were banned on the apprehension of disturbance to social and communal harmony.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Government misused the provision of preventive detention, arrested the political workers of opposition parties.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under preventive detention, arrested persons can\u2019t challenge such a move as the right to constitutional remedies gets suspended.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to such harsh conditions during the emergency regime, people who were awarded with honours like Padma shri and other awards returned these honours in the protest against suspension of democracy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Torture and custodial deaths, arbitrary relocation of poor people, imposition of compulsory sterilisation to control population occurred during emergency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People without official position, misused the powers of administration and interfered in the functioning of the government.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Forced Sterilization in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the Emergency, Civil liberties were suspended. Sanjay Gandhi, son of Indira Gandhi had formulated a five-point program which included Family Planning, afforestation, abolition of dowry, slum clearance and removal of illiteracy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sterilizations that followed were carried out under so-called \u201ccompulsuasion,\u201d (a combination of compulsion and persuasion).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sterilizations were performed in assembly-line fashion, in hurry, and in unhygienic conditions. Many men and women died from subsequent infections.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, innocent Indian masses were subjected to this outrageous exercise marked by vulgarity, cruelty and brutality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Soon public anger over the forced sterilization technique resulted in riots all over the country. Indira Gandhi soon asked to halt the campaign thereafter in 1977.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This can also be considered as one of the major reasons for her loss from the office of Prime Minister in the 1977 general elections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>20-point Programme during Emergency in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In July 1975, Indira Gandhi announced the 20-Point Programme. The 20-Point Programme promised to-<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Liquidate the existing debts of landless laborers, small farmers and rural artisans.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extend alternate credit to landless laborers, small farmers and rural artisans.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abolish bonded labour<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Implement the existing agricultural land ceiling laws.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide house sites to landless laborers and weaker sections<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Revise upwards minimum wages of agricultural labour.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide special help to the handloom industry by bringing down the prices,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevent tax evasion and smuggling<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase production and Streamline distribution of essential commodities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase the limit of income tax exemption up to Rs 8000<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Liberalize investment procedures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constitutional amendments during emergency:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 38th to 42nd amendments were passed during the Emergency.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">38th Amendment<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 38th Amendment barred the review of proclamations of the Emergency, judicial review of overlapping proclamations, of ordinances promulgated by the President or by Governors, and of laws that contravened the Fundamental Rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">39th Amendment<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 39th Amendment: In the background of the ruling of the Allahabad High Court in the Indira Gandhi case, the amendment declared that elections of Prime Minister, President and Vice President could not be challenged in the Court. The Amendment was placed in the Ninth Schedule, beyond judicial review.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">41st Amendment<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 41st Amendment said no criminal proceedings \u201cwhatsoever\u201d could lie against a President, Prime Minister, or Governor for acts before or during their terms of office.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">42nd Amendment<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 42nd Amendment:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gave unrestrained powers to Parliament to change the Constitution,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Invalidated the Supreme Court ruling in the Keshavananda Bharti case that the government couldn\u2019t change the basic structure of the Constitution<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Made India a socialist, secular, republic and laying down the fundamental duties of the citizens.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The duration of legislature in the country was extended from 5 to 6 years, besides this, during an emergency; elections can be postponed by one year.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initially, a large majority of the people accepted the Emergency. A major factor in the people\u2019s acceptance was its constitutional, legal and temporal character.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From early 1976, the Emergency started becoming unpopular.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The intelligentsia opined that the 42nd Amendment was an effort to undermine democracy\u2013 the Emergency started losing its legitimacy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A major reason for the growing unpopularity of the emergency was the development of an extra constitutional center of power\u2013 the rise in political power of Sanjay Gandhi.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>End of Emergency in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In January 1977, Indira Gandhi announced that elections to the Lok Sabha would be held in March.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A decision was also taken to release the political prisoners<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Elections were held on 16th March 1977- Congress was defeated<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Emergency came to an end on 21st March 1977<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Government Justification for imposing Emergency in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s stability, security, integrity and democracy were in danger from the disruptive character of the JP movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There was the need to implement a programme of rapid economic development in the interests of the poor and underprivileged.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There was intervention and subversion from abroad with the aim of weakening and destabilizing India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Criticisms of Emergency in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detention of people by police without charge or notification of families<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abuse and torture of detainees and political prisoners<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use of public and private media institutions for government propaganda<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forced sterilization<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Destruction of the slum and low-income housing in the Turkmen Gate and Jama Masjid area of old Delhi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Large-scale enactment of law<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Emergency in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indira Gandhi stunned the whole nation and the world by the proclamation of Emergency. It affected millions of lives and the entire country had become the storm centre which grabbed the attention of the whole world. With a single stroke, the largest democracy on the Earth came down to the level of dictatorship.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergency lasted for 21 months (1975- 1977) and was the darkest phase of Indian democracy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also, the right to life under Article 21 was suspended.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was also the darkest period of judiciary which gave rise to distrust in Indian Judiciary.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the major rights to be violated during Emergency was Habeas Corpus<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In May 1977, a commission of inquiry headed by justice J P Shah (retired judge of the Supreme Court) was appointed by the Janata Government to inquire several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority, malpractices and actions taken in the wake of emergency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Shah Commission gave three reports on the basis of the testimonies of the witnesses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The report was accepted by the government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was followed by the Constitutional (44th Amendment) Act, 1978 which reversed most of the excesses done during the National Emergency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But due to this darkest phase of the unfortunate incident of emergency Indians became aware about their rights and used their Right to vote efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also, the era of coalition government started after a few years. Few advantages are also attached with the coalition governments that it suppresses the autocratic rule and monopoly of a single largest party.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center;\"><strong><strong>Also Read: <\/strong><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/salient-features-of-indian-society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY: UNITY IN DIVERSITY, TRIBES, FAMILY<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>NAXALITE MOVEMENT IN INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Naxalite Movement and the Formation of CPI-ML in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The CPM had originally split from the united CPI in 1964 on grounds of differences over revolutionary politics and reformist parliamentary politics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In practice, the CPM participated actively in parliamentary politics, postponing armed struggle and formed a coalition government in West Bengal after 1967 elections.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, younger cadres of the party wanted a revolutionary armed struggle for the entire country. So, these rebel CPM leaders launched a peasant uprising in the small Naxalbari area of northern West Bengal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The CPM leadership immediately expelled the rebel leaders, and suppressed the Naxalbari insurrection.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Formation of CPI-ML and Naxalite Movement in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1969, the Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (ML) was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It succeeded in organizing armed peasant bands in some rural areas and in attacking policemen and rival communists as agents of the ruling classes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An objective of Naxalite movement was to overthrow democractic elected government through use of violence and establish Communist government in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even though the then government and the subsequent governments strived to control the Naxalite menace, it didn\u2019t succeed; rather it spread to many other parts of the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Still more than 75 districts in around nine states are affected by Naxal Movements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>COMMUNALISM EVENTS IN IN INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Communalism Challenges in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The problem of communalism begins when a religion is seen as the basis of national unity and identity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our country. The founding fathers of the nations wanted secular India, hence they strictly refrained themselves from declaring India\u2019s official religion, and provided equal freedom to all the followers of different religions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here we will discuss some major incidents of communal politics.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Ayodhya Dispute (1990s) in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A dispute had been going on for many decades over the mosque known as Babri Masjid at Ayodhya, built by Mir Baqi Tashqandi, Mughal Emperor Babur\u2019s General.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some Hindus believe that it was built after demolishing a temple of Lord Rama which is believed to be his birthplace.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dispute reached the court and in late 1940\u2019s the mosque was locked up as the matter was with court. In February 1986, the Faizabad district court ordered that Babri Masjid premises be unlocked so that Hindus could offer prayers at the statue which they considered as a temple.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Soon with the unlocking of doors, mobilisation on communal lines began on both the sides. Gradually the local issue became a national issue and increased the communal tensions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In December, 1992 many Karsevaks of Hindu Right-Wing factions like VHP, Bajrang Dal etc. arrived at Ayodhya in the name Karsevaks, voluntary service by devotees to build Ram temple.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meanwhile the Apex Court ordered that the State government must ensure that the disputed site won\u2019t be endangered. However, thousands of people arrived there and demolished the Babri Masjid on 06, 1992 and it was followed by communal riots in the country at large scale, in which lots of people died.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then Union government dismissed state government and appointed Librehan Commission to investigate circumstance leading to demolition of mosque.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since then, this issue was pending in the apex court and finally the Supreme Court came out with its judgement on 9<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> November, 2019.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The five-judge Supreme Court bench led by Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi read out a unanimous judgment and ruled in favour of the Ram Janmabhoomi and said there will be Ram Mandir at the disputed site and Muslims will be given an alternate 5-acre land for their mosque.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Gujarat Riots (2002) in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In months of February and March 2002, Gujarat witnessed one of the ugliest communal riots in its history. The spark of the riots happened at Godhra Station, where a bogey of a train that was returning from Ayodhya with Karsevaks set on fire.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suspecting it to be Muslims conspiracy, large scale violence was spread in many parts of Gujarat between Hindu and Muslim community.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Anti-Sikh Riots, 1984 \u2013 (we will cover this issue in upcoming chapter of Punjab issue)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Assam violence (2012) in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There were frequent clashes between the Bodos and Bengali speaking Muslims due to increased competition for livelihood, land, and political power.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2012, one such outbreak escalated into a riot in Kokrajhar, when unidentified miscreants killed four Bodo youths at Joypur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was followed by retaliatory attacks on local Muslims killing two and injuring several of them. Almost 80 people were killed, most of whom were Bengali Muslims and some Bodos. Approximately, 400,000 people were displaced to makeshift camps.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Muzzafarnagar Riots (2013) in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The clashes between the Hindu Jats and Muslim communities in Muzaffarnagar, UP resulted in at least 62 deaths, injured 93 people, and left more than 50,000 displaced.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The riot has been described as \u201cthe worst violence in Uttar Pradesh in recent history\u201d, with the army being deployed in the state for the first time in the last 20 years.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Delhi Riots (2019) in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Delhi witnessed one of the worst communal violence in the history of the national capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The premise of the New Delhi 2020 riots is based on growing animosity and destabilisation of communal harmony in the background of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act and the National Register of Citizens (NRC).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Bhopal Gas Tragedy 1984: Impact on India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1970 Union Carbide India limited (UCIL), a subsidiary of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation (an American multinational), established a pesticide plant in Bhopal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plant produced a pesticide Sevin (Carbaryl) using methyl isocyanate (MIC). A number of minor leaks had been reported since 1976 but the management had ignored them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On the night of 2-3 December, 1984 about 45 tons of the dangerous gas methyl isocyanate (MIC) stored in three tanks, escaped from the plant in Bhopal and drifted over the densely populated neighbourhoods around the plant, killing thousands of people immediately and creating a panic as tens of thousands of others attempted to flee Bhopal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During that time, Rajiv Gandhi was the Prime Minister and Arjun Singh was the Chief minister of MP.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The chemical tragedy was the worst industrial disaster witnessed in the history of India and perhaps the worst in the world at that point in time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per official estimates, it led to the death of 2259 people, caused 5.6 lakh injuries and many more were permanently disabled.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, unofficially deaths have been put at around 20,000.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some half a million survivors suffered respiratory problems, eye irritation or blindness, and other maladies resulting from exposure to the toxic gas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2004, the Indian Supreme Court ordered the state to supply clean drinking water to the residents of Bhopal because of groundwater contamination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2010, several former executives of Union Carbide\u2019s India subsidiary were convicted by a Bhopal court of negligence in the disaster.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Shah Bano Case: Legal Milestone and Controversies in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Background of Shah Bano Case in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shah Bano, a 62-year-old Muslim woman and a mother of five from Indore, was divorced by her husband in 1978. She filed a suit in the Supreme Court seeking compensation from her husband.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Supreme Court invoked Section 125 of Code of Criminal Procedure, which applies to everyone regardless of their caste, class, creed or religion, and ruled in favour of Shah Bano, ordering that she be given maintenance money, similar to alimony.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The case was considered a milestone as it was a step ahead of the general practice of deciding cases on the basis of interpretation of personal law and also dwelt on the need to implement the Uniform Civil Code. It also took note of different personal laws and the need to recognize and address the issue of gender equality and perseverance in matters of religious principles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The judgment became very controversial, and there were many protests from various sections of Muslims.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muslims felt that the verdict was an attack on their religion, and their right to have their own religious personal laws. At the forefront of these protests was the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under pressure from the Muslims, the government headed by Rajiv Gandhi introduced a legislation which reserved the Supreme Court verdict.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Parliament passed The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 which nullified the Supreme Court\u2019s judgment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The act allowed maintenance to a divorced woman only during the period of 90 days after the divorce (iddat), according to provisions of Islamic law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, the liability of the husband to pay maintenance was restricted to the period of iddat only.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The act was criticized heavily by many experts as this was a great opportunity to fight for women\u2019s rights, but the law endorsed the inequality and exploitation that Muslim women face.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rather than working on the implementation of the Uniform Civil Code as per the court\u2019s direction, the government brought amendments to overturn the Supreme Court\u2019s ruling.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The opposition parties criticized the act and denounced it as one aimed at Muslim appeasement and vote bank politics.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Bofors Scam: Impact on India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another major incident during Rajiv Gandhi\u2019s rule was a political scandal pertaining to Defense deals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the 1980s and 1990s, Bofors, a Sweden based company won a bid to supply 410 Howitzers to India. It was the biggest arms deal ever in Sweden, therefore money which was marked for developmental projects was diverted to secure this contract from India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several politicians of Indian National Congress including the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi were accused of receiving illegal kickbacks from Bofors, in its bid to win the contract worth US $1.4 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The scandal was soon used by the opposition to launch a major attack on Rajiv Gandhi himself.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P Singh, who had served as the Finance minister first and then as the Defense Minister in the Rajiv Gandhi cabinet, after resigning from the Congress in 1987 made the scandal and corruption a major plank of his political campaign to elections in 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bofors and the stink of corruption resurfaced in the 1989 election. Although the Joint Parliamentary Committee Report had given a more or less clean chit to Rajiv Gandhi, the Comptroller and Auditor- General\u2019s Report cast doubts on the procedure for acquisition of Bofors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In wake of these findings, the opposition demanded Rajiv Gandhi\u2019s resignation. In the election of 1989, the Congress failed to secure the majority and P. Singh formed a coalition government with outside support of the left parties and BJP.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>National Policy on Education, 1986: Equalizing Educational Opportunities in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Background of National Policy on Education, 1986 in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In May 1986, the new National policy on Education (NPE) was introduced by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was named as \u201cSpecial emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalize education opportunity\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Objective-<\/strong> The main objective of this policy was to provide equivalent opportunity to all including Women, ST and SC communities to study.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Key highlights of 1986 NPE in India After Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expansion of scholarships and promotion of adult education.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Employment of more teachers from the SCs and STs Communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incentives for poor families to send their children to school regularly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For primary education, the NPE called \u201cchild centric approach\u201d, then \u201cOperation Blackboard\u201d was launched to expand primary schools nationwide.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under this policy the Open University system was expanded with the Indira Gandhi National Open University, which had been created in 1985.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The policy was also recognized as a \u201crural university\u201d model, based on the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, to encourage economic and social development at the grassroots level in rural India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9052%; height: 395px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 73px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 207.515%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center; height: 73px;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 73px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.7426%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 73px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCERT Notes For UPSC<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 157.772%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; 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height: 103px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-test-series-courses\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Test Series 2024<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>India After Independence: Vision, Milestones, and the Emergency Era To prepare for India After Independence for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know about the Important Issues in India After Independence. It gives an idea of all the important topics for the IAS Exam and the Economy syllabus (GS-II.). India After Independence terms are important&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/important-issues-in-post-independence-history\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">India After Independence<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[136],"doc_tag":[],"acf":[],"year_month":"2026-04","word_count":6587,"total_views":"4766","reactions":{"happy":"4","normal":"1","sad":"0"},"author_info":{"name":"bks_editor","author_nicename":"bks_editor","author_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/author\/bks_editor"},"doc_category_info":[{"term_name":"POST INDEPENDENCE HISTORY OF INDIA","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-category\/post-independence-history-of-india"}],"doc_tag_info":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/3861"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3861"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/3861\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":83089,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/3861\/revisions\/83089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3861"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=3861"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=3861"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}