{"id":4964,"date":"2021-02-17T14:40:47","date_gmt":"2021-02-17T09:10:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?page_id=4964"},"modified":"2024-03-18T11:27:23","modified_gmt":"2024-03-18T05:57:23","password":"","slug":"subordinate-court-part-vi-article-233-237","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/subordinate-court-part-vi-article-233-237","title":{"rendered":"JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN STATES: SUBORDINATE COURT, JUDGES, AND LEGAL AID FOR JUSTICE"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24pt; color: #ffffff;\"><b>JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN STATES: SUBORDINATE COURT, JUDGES, AND LEGAL AID FOR JUSTICE<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><b>JUDICIAL HIERARCHY: HIGH COURT &#038; SUBORDINATE COURTS, APPOINTMENT CRITERIA, AND CONTROL MECHANISMS<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State judiciary = High court + subordinate courts<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Appointment of district judges<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Made by governor in consultation with high court<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Qualifications:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not already in service of Centre or state government<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have been advocate \/pleader for seven years<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recommended by High court for appointment<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Appointment of persons (other than district judges)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Made by the governor in consultation with the state public service commission and high court.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Control over subordinate court<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By High Subordinate Court<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>District judge<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Include any judge of: city civil court + additional district judge + joint district judge + assistant district judge + chief judge of small cause Subordinate Court + chief presidency magistrate + additional chief presidency magistrate + sessions judge + additional sessions judge + assistant sessions judge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Judicial services<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center;\"><strong>Also Read: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/high-court-udaan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HIGH COURTS IN INDIA: FUNCTIONS AND POWERS<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>STRUCTURE AND JURISDICTION: HIGH COURT, DISTRICT JUDGES, AND SUBORDINATE COURTS IN LEGAL SYSTEM<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<table style=\"width: 98.3307%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; width: 100%;\"><strong>HIGH COURT<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DISTRICT AND SESSIONS JUDGE<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Highest judicial authority district Of district<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both civil (district judge) and criminal (sessions judge)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Administrative + judicial supervisory Appeal lies to high Subordinate Court<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Capital punishment: subject to confirmation of high court<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a. Subordinate court<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlimited pecuniary jurisdiction over civil suits<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Munsiff\u2019s court<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Civil case of small pecuniary<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b. Chief judicial magistrate court<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Judicial magistrate court<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>ENSURING EQUAL JUSTICE: NALSA&#8217;S ROLE IN LEGAL AID, EQUALITY, AND EMPOWERMENT<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 39A (DPSP) &#8211; free legal aid to the poor and weaker sections of society and ensures justice for all<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 14 and 22(1) &#8211; ensure equality before law and legal system which promotes justice on basis of equality of opportunity to all<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1987 &#8211; Legal services authority act was enacted by parliament came into force on 9<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> November 1995<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>NALSA: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To <\/span>monitor and evaluate implementation o<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">f legal aid programmes <\/span><b>+ <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To <\/span>lay down policy and principles<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for making legal services available under the act throughout the country + In Every state &#8211; State legal services authority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>FUNCTIONS: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide free and competent legal services to eligible ones + Organize Lok Adalat + Organize legal awareness camps.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>GANDHIAN ADR: LOK ADALAT &#8211; FAST, AFFORDABLE, INFORMAL JUSTICE SINCE 1982<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pre litigation stages + <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">based on Gandhian principles + One of component of ADR (Alternative Dispute Redressal) + Informal, cheap, expeditious + <\/span><b>First Lok Adalat \u2013 Gujarat in 1982<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>UNDERSTANDING LOK ADALAT: DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND LEGAL AUTHORITY<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State legal services authority or district legal service authority or supreme court legal services committee or high Subordinate Court legal services committee or taluk legal services may organize Lok Adalat<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every Adalat consists of such a number of serving or retired judicial officers and other persons of the area as may be specified by the agency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lok Adalat have power to determine and to arrive at compromise or settlement between parties to a dispute in respect:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of any case pending before any Subordinate Court<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any matter which is falling within jurisdiction of any Subordinate Court and not brought before such Subordinate Court<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No jurisdiction for non-compoundable offences<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Same power as are vested in civil court and criminal court under code of civil procedure and code of criminal procedure respectively<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Award of Lok Adalat = decree of civil court \/ order of any Subordinate Court<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No appeal lies to award<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center;\"><strong>Also Read: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/supreme-court-udaan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SUPREME COURT: STRUCTURE, APPOINTMENT, JURISDICTION, AND POWERS EXPLAINED<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>UTILITY SERVICE DISPUTE RESOLUTION: PERMANENT LOK ADALAT<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Amended legal service authority act 1987 <\/b>&#8211; <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2002 to provide for establishment of permanent Lok Adalat<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feature:<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chairman: is\/has been district judge or additional district judge or has held judicial officer rank higher than that of district judge<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In respect of one or more utility services (transport, telephone services etc.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pecuniary jurisdiction \u2013 up to 10 lakh<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No jurisdiction \u2013 Non compoundable cases<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Award: Final and binding<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>FAMILY COURT ACT: SIMPLIFYING DISPUTE RESOLUTION &#038; LEGAL RIGHTS<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Family court act 1984 conciliation and speedy settlement of disputes related to marriage and family issues<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Features:<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Establishment of family court by state government with consultation with high Subordinate Court.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obligatory to constitute family court \u2013 in population exceeds 1 million<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enable state govt to establish family court in other areas if deem necessary<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exclusive jurisdiction: Matrimonial relief + Property of spouses + Declaration of legitimacy of one person + Guardianship of a person or custody of any minor + Maintenance of wife, children and parents<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obligation for first a reconciliation from side of family court<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No right to be represented by a legal practitioner.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only one right to appeal &#8211; HIGH COURT<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9052%; height: 395px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 73px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 207.515%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center; height: 73px;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 73px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.7426%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 73px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCERT Notes For UPSC<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 157.772%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 73px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/daily-current-affairs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Current Affairs<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 73px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.7426%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 73px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Blogs<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 157.772%; 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<a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/subordinate-court-part-vi-article-233-237\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN STATES: SUBORDINATE COURT, JUDGES, AND LEGAL AID FOR JUSTICE<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[184],"doc_tag":[],"acf":[],"year_month":"2026-04","word_count":768,"total_views":"1775","reactions":{"happy":"2","normal":"1","sad":"0"},"author_info":{"name":"bks_editor","author_nicename":"bks_editor","author_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/author\/bks_editor"},"doc_category_info":[{"term_name":"\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-category\/%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af"}],"doc_tag_info":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/4964"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4964"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/4964\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":92677,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/4964\/revisions\/92677"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4964"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=4964"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=4964"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}