{"id":57774,"date":"2023-11-28T17:51:21","date_gmt":"2023-11-28T12:21:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=docs&#038;p=57774"},"modified":"2024-05-31T13:14:37","modified_gmt":"2024-05-31T07:44:37","password":"","slug":"directive-principles-governance-critics-citizens","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs\/directive-principles-governance-critics-citizens","title":{"rendered":"Directive Principles of State Policy in India: Governance, Challenges, and Impact"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 24pt;\">Directive Principles of State Policy in India: Governance, Challenges, and Impact<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DPSPs are not justifiable in court of law, but they are justiciable in court of peoples<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Directive Principles of State Policy in India: Guiding Governance and Ideals<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/directive-principles-of-state-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Directive Principles of State Policy<\/a> (DPSP) are the guidelines to be followed by the government of India for the governance of the country. Directive principles of state policy denote the ideals that the State should keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP): Architecting a Welfare State through Social Justice<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mentioned in Part IV, ranging from Article 36 \u2013 51 of <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/constitution-of-india-journey\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitution of India<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Positive Connotation:<\/strong> Enables government to frame comprehensive programmes of <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/social-justice-principles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">social<\/a> and economic justice, unlike FR, which has negative connotation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Advocate for the ideals of a &#8220;<strong>Welfare State<\/strong>&#8221; and &#8220;<strong>Inclusive Growth<\/strong>.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>B.R Ambedkar<\/strong> called Directive principles of state policy as \u201c<strong>Novel features<\/strong>\u201d and \u201c<strong>Soul of constitution<\/strong>\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Granville Austin<\/strong> called DPSP and FR as the \u201c<strong>Conscience of constitution<\/strong>\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\">Framing Democracy and Rights through Directive Principles of State Policy<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Recognition of National Challenges:<\/strong> The founding fathers were aware of the drawbacks the country had been suffering from, such as poverty, unemployment, lack of education, social, economic, and political backwardness.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Founding Fathers\u2019 Vision:<\/strong> They, in order to eradicate these evils, set forth in the very preamble, the ideals and objectives to be achieved.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their intention was to establish in India a political, economic and social democracy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Collective Determination of the Framers:<\/strong> To achieve this cherished goal, the framers were unanimous in securing to the people practically all the prevailing political, social and economic rights.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Classification of Rights:<\/strong> These rights were broadly divided into two categories:<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political and Civil Rights<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social and Economic Rights<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Fundamental Rights:<\/strong> The Political and Civil rights, which in their opinion were within the reach of the individual, were provisional as fundamental rights and\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The latter being considered beyond individual\u2019s reach under the prevailing circumstances, were titled as Directive Principles of State Policy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center;\"><strong>Also Read: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/citizenship-act-1955-acquisition-and-loss-of-citizenship\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CITIZENSHIP ACT 1955 : ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Features and Significance of Directive Principles of State Policy<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Guidelines to State:<\/strong> These are the constitutional instructions or recommendations to the State in legislative, executive and administrative matters.<\/span>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It includes central and state governments, all local authorities and all other public authorities).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Instrument of Instructions:<\/strong> These resemble\u00a0 Instructions that were issued to Governor general and Viceroy under GOI Act 1935.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to B R Ambedakar, these are now instructions to the legislature and the executive.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Not a Police State:<\/strong> DPSP are social and political programmes for a modern democratic State.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\">They represent the <strong>idea of a &#8216;welfare state&#8217;<\/strong> rather than a<strong> &#8216;police state,&#8217;<\/strong> which prevailed during the colonial era.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They aim at realising ideals of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as outlined in the Preamble to the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Fundamentals in Governance:<\/strong> They are not legally enforceable by the courts for their violation.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, Article 37 itself says that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country .<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It shall be the <strong>duty of the State<\/strong> to uphold these principles while formulating laws.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Non-Self- Executory:<\/strong> Directive principles of state policy can be implemented by the government through legislative actions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Political Force Behind Non-Justiciable Directive principles of state policy<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Non Justiciable:<\/strong> Division of Rights of an individual into two categories \u2013 Justiciable (FR) and Non-justiciable (Directive principles of state policy) \u2013 Recommended by B.N. Rau (Constitutional Advisor)\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Justiciable part fused into Fundamental Rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Non Justiciable part formed the Directive principles of state policy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Pious Aspirations:<\/strong> Ivor Jennings said Directive principles of state policy represent pious aspirations and it is difficult for any state to implement these directives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>A Paragraph of Generalities:<\/strong> K. C. Wheare calls Directive principles of state policy as a paragraph of generalities. If the legislature wants to implement these directives then there would be conflict with Fundamental rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Political Sanction:<\/strong> Directives were made non-justiciable and non enforceable, but <strong>Article 37<\/strong>\u00a0 makes it clear that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the state to uphold these principles while formulating laws.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, Directive principles of state policy put a moral obligation on the state for their application, the real force behind them is political (public opinion).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Alladi Krishna Swamy Ayyar<\/strong> said no ministry responsible to the people can afford light-heartedly to ignore the provisions in Part IV of the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">In the Constituent Assembly, <strong>Dr. B R Ambedkar<\/strong> remarked that a government reliant on <strong>popular vote<\/strong> is unlikely to disregard the Directive Principles when formulating its policies.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Government has to <strong>answer people before the\u00a0 electorate<\/strong> at election time if Directive principles of state policy are ignored by the government.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Constitutional Pragmatism:<\/strong> Makers of the constitution made DPSP not justiciable and non enforceable because the newborn\u00a0 country at that time did not possess enough financial resources as well large size of country and backwardness could make Directive principles of state policy difficult to implement.<\/span>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>DD Basu<\/strong> viewed that Directive principles of state policy can be enforced. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was of the view that if states are not implementing these policies, then the central government can issue administrative directions under Article 256 and 257 of the constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the state fails to implement these directives then a warning can be issued under Article 365, and may lead to invoking Article 356 against the concerned state government.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, there is <strong>no legal sanction<\/strong> for Directive principles of state policy under the constitution. <strong>Only political sanctions<\/strong> are there behind implementation of Directive principles of state policy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Reasons for Non-justiciable Nature of DPSP:<\/strong> Justiciable nature of rights entails that citizens can move to the courts for enforcement of the particular right. Fundamental rights have justiciable nature. However, Directive principles of state policy kept as non-justiciable in nature attributed to following reasons \u2013\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The then administrative and financial limitations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some principles have moral connotations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the time of adopting the constitution, socio-economic development of society was not adequate to grasp and adopt the new values.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevalence of vast diversity, illiteracy, poverty and backwardness in the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides, Directive principles of state policy are very broad in their content and spirit.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different states have varying and limited resources to fulfill the aspirations of the citizens and mandates of the constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DPSPs are complementary to the fundamental rights. So, Directive principles of state policy fulfill their goals in a greater way.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, states are also taking proactive legislative and executive measures to fulfill the goals enshrined in the DPSPs and ensuring the vision of a welfare state.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center;\"><strong>Also Read: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/evolution-and-impact-of-government-of-india-act\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACTS: EVOLUTION AND IMPACT ON INDIAN AUTONOMY<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\">Criticism of Directive Principles of State Policy (Part-IV): Legal Constraints, Ambiguities, and Relevance in Modern Governance<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Lack of Legal Binding:<\/strong> DPSP are non-Justiciable in nature hence can not be enforceable by court of law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Ambiguity Challenges:<\/strong> Lack of clarity led to different interpretations by different govt. according to prevailing circumstances.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lack of Consistent Explicitness and Proper Classification in DPSP.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Non-accountability of government<\/strong> for non-implementation of Directive principles of state policy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Conservative:<\/strong> According to Jennings, Directives are based on the political philosophy of 19th-century England. <\/span>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Determining their suitability for the twenty-first century remains unanswered; however, it is quite likely that they will become enitrely outdated<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Sir Ivor Jennings:<\/strong> Part IV of the Constitution expresses \u201cFabian Socialism without the socialism\u201d which is less relevant in the contemporary world.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Illogically Arranged:<\/strong> According to Jennings, Directives are not arranged in a logical manner based on a consistent philosophy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Incomplete Observance:<\/strong> Part IV includes some directives which are not complete in actual observation.<\/span>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Example:<\/strong> The states which introduced prohibition had to scrap it later on and\u00a0 also there is no proper check on illegal trade of intoxicating drinks in these states.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some principles are reactionary \u2013 subject to interpretation (E.g. cow slaughter)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>T.T. Krishnamachari:<\/strong> Directives are like \u201ca veritable dustbin of sentiments\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>K C Wheare:<\/strong> Directives are \u201cManifesto of aims and aspirations\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>K.T Shah:<\/strong> \u201cA cheque on a bank, payable only when the resources of the bank permit\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\">Centre-State Struggles and Fiscal Challenges in Implementing Directive Principles of State Policy<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to <strong>Santhanam<\/strong>, Directives lead to a constitutional conflict between the Centre and the states, between the President and the Prime Minister, and between the governor and the chief minister.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In case of <strong>non-compliance with the centre<\/strong> directive for the implementation of these principles, the Central government can dismiss the state government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Prime Minister gets a bill passed by the Parliament ((which violates the Directive Principles), the president may reject the bill on the ground that these principles are fundamental to the governance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, the Governor could reserve the bill of state on the pretext of violation of provisions of the Directive principles of state policy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Fiscal Strain:<\/strong> Directions from centre to state could also strain the fiscal position of the state which has lesser economic resources for implementation of schemes and programmes to give practical shape to Directive principles of state policy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Importance of Directive Principles of State Policy in Evaluation, Welfare, and Progress<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Facilitating Citizen Evaluation:<\/strong> Helps citizens to assess the work done and policies implemented by the incumbent government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Safeguarding Citizen Welfare:<\/strong> Ensures welfare of the citizens in particular and society at large.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Promoting Inclusive Growth:<\/strong> Ensures inclusive, equitable growth and helps in reducing inequality among citizens.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Legislative Framework for Citizen Welfare:<\/strong> Provides a framework for enactment of various legislations which benefits citizens in various ways. E.g. MGNREGA, Panchayati raj system, Maternity Benefit Act.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Progressive Development:<\/strong> It ensures progressive development and fulfillment of the aspirations of the citizens.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Significance of Directive Principles of State Policy in Guiding, Welfare and Ensuring Accountability in Indian Democracy<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Guiding Constitutional Adjudication:<\/strong> Helps courts as guiding light in determining and examining constitutional validity of act\/rules\/regulation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Emblem of a Welfare State:<\/strong> Symbolizes the idea of welfare state and amplifies social and economic justice as entailed in Preamble.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Moral Obligation\/Political Force:<\/strong> They impose a moral obligation on the state authorities for their application, however, public opinion is the real force behind them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Common Minimum Programme:<\/strong> They serve as a Common Minimum Programme for every government irrespective of their manifestos and political ideologies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>According to L. M Singhvi:<\/strong>\u00a0The Directives are the life-giving provisions of the Constitution. They form the stuff of the Constitution and its ethos of social justice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>According to\u00a0 B.R. Ambedkar:<\/strong>\u00a0Directives lay down that the goal of Indian polity is \u2018economic democracy\u2019 as distinguished from \u2018political democracy\u2019 (Fundamental rights).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Ensuring Policy Continuity:<\/strong> Provides stability and continuity in policies despite change in governments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Benchmarks for Public Evaluation:<\/strong> Serves as benchmarks and yardstick for people to gauge performance of the government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>DPSPs as Guides:<\/strong> Directive principles of state policy are intended to be a guide, friend and philosopher of the ruling party in legislative and executive acts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Opposition\u2019s Tool for Accountability:<\/strong> Serves as an important tool for opposition parties to ensure accountability of executive and exercise influence and control over the government.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 18pt;\">Previous Year Question (Prelims)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Q. Which part of the Constitution of India declares the ideal of a Welfare State? [2020]<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directive Principles of State Policy<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental Rights<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preamble<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seventh Schedule<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Q. The ideal of \u2018Welfare State\u2019 in the Indian Constitution is enshrined in its ____________[2015]<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preamble<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directive Principles of State Policy<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental Rights<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seventh Schedule<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Q. According to the Constitution of India, which of the following are fundamental for the governance of the country? [2013]<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental Rights<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental Duties<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directive Principles of State Policy<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Q. With reference to the provisions contained in Part IV of the Constitution of India, which of the following statements is\/are correct? [2020]<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They shall be enforceable by courts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They shall not be enforceable by any court<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The principles laid down in this part are to influence the making of laws by the State.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1only<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 only<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 and 3 only<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 and 3 only<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Q. Consider the following statements regarding the Directive Principles of State Policy: [2015]<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Principles spell out of the socio-economic democracy in the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The provisions contained in these Principles are not enforceable by any court.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct ?<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 only\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 only<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both 1 and 2<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neither 1 nor 2<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Q. In India, Legal Services Authorities provide free legal services to which of the following types of citizens? [2020]<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Person with an annual income of less than Rs. 1,00,000<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transgender with an annual income of less than Rs. 2,00,000<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Member of Other Backward Classes (OBC) with an annual income of less than Rs. 3,00,000<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All Senior Citizens<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 and 2 only<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3 and 4 only<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 and 3 only<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 and 4 only<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With reference to the Constitution of India, the Directive Principles of State Policy constitute limitations upon [2017]<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">legislative function.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">executive function.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the above statements is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 only\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 only<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both 1 and 2<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neither 1 nor 2<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; text-align: center;\"><strong>Also Read:\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/fundamental-rights-vs-directive-principles-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-sheets-root=\"1\" data-sheets-value=\"{\"1\":2,\"2\":\"BALANCING FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES IN INDIA\u2019S CONSTITUTION\"}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{\"2\":31741,\"3\":{\"1\":0},\"5\":{\"1\":[{\"1\":2,\"2\":0,\"5\":{\"1\":2,\"2\":0}},{\"1\":0,\"2\":0,\"3\":3},{\"1\":1,\"2\":0,\"4\":1}]},\"6\":{\"1\":[{\"1\":2,\"2\":0,\"5\":{\"1\":2,\"2\":0}},{\"1\":0,\"2\":0,\"3\":3},{\"1\":1,\"2\":0,\"4\":1}]},\"7\":{\"1\":[{\"1\":2,\"2\":0,\"5\":{\"1\":2,\"2\":0}},{\"1\":0,\"2\":0,\"3\":3},{\"1\":1,\"2\":0,\"4\":1}]},\"8\":{\"1\":[{\"1\":2,\"2\":0,\"5\":{\"1\":2,\"2\":0}},{\"1\":0,\"2\":0,\"3\":3},{\"1\":1,\"2\":0,\"4\":1}]},\"9\":1,\"10\":1,\"11\":4,\"12\":0,\"14\":{\"1\":2,\"2\":0},\"15\":\"Calibri, sans-serif\",\"16\":11,\"17\":0}\">BALANCING FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES IN INDIA\u2019S CONSTITUTION<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research into the impact of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) on India&#8217;s governance, exploring their non-justiciable nature, criticisms, and influence on citizens. Learn how they serve as a guiding force for constitutional adjudication, welfare, and policy continuity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[122],"doc_tag":[],"acf":[],"year_month":"2026-04","word_count":2146,"total_views":"94","reactions":{"happy":"0","normal":"0","sad":"0"},"author_info":{"name":"Jawed Khan","author_nicename":"jawed-khan","author_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/author\/jawed-khan"},"doc_category_info":[{"term_name":"INDIAN POLITY","term_url":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/docs-category\/indian-polity"}],"doc_tag_info":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/57774"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/36"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57774"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/57774\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":111356,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/57774\/revisions\/111356"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57774"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=57774"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=57774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}