{"id":115642,"date":"2024-06-21T19:23:18","date_gmt":"2024-06-21T13:53:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=editorial-analysis&#038;p=115642"},"modified":"2024-06-21T19:23:18","modified_gmt":"2024-06-21T13:53:18","slug":"evs-and-hybrids-be-treated-equally-for-government-subsidies","status":"publish","type":"editorial-analysis","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/evs-and-hybrids-be-treated-equally-for-government-subsidies","title":{"rendered":"Should not EVs and Hybrids be treated Equally for Government Subsidies?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s road transport sector contributes about<\/span><b> 12% to the country\u2019s CO2 emissions,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> according to the<\/span><b> International Energy Agency, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">making it the third most greenhouse gas emitting sector after energy and agriculture.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.3%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Relevancy for Prelims:<\/b> <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/electric-vehicles-policy-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Electric Vehicle Policy In India<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/ev-policy-2024\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EV Policy 2024<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/fame-ii-scheme-extension\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parliamentary Panel Recommends FAME India Phase II<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, International Energy Agency, <\/span><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/hybrid-vehicles-for-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hybrid Vehicles A Better And Cleaner Solution For India<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Faster Adoption and Manufacture of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Relevancy for Mains:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Decarbonizing transport in India, etc.<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>EVs and Hybrids be treated Equally for Government Subsidies<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Union Government has been attempting to<\/span><b> fast track decarbonizing transport<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the past almost a decade with the introduction of the <\/span><b>Faster Adoption and Manufacture of hybrid and Electric Vehicles, or FAME in 2015.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The third iteration of this policy is likely to be announced in this year\u2019s <\/span><b>Union Budget, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with an expected outlay of <\/span><b>Rs. 10,000 crore.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FAME attempts to generate demand for EVs and hybrids by <\/span><b>subsidizing retail sales, encouraging the manufacture <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of components and creating and nurturing an <\/span><b>electric vehicle (EV) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ecosystem nationwide.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the policy has undergone changes from when it was introduced, with a <\/span><b>steady removal of subsidies for hybrids<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 or vehicles that run on both battery and<\/span><b> internal combustion engines (ICE).<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some have welcomed this move arguing that this <\/span><b>accelerates transport\u2019s decarbonization<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, while others point to the <\/span><b>lack of charging infrastructure, import dependence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for advanced battery components and technology, and a <\/span><b>grid still dominated by coalbased power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, leading to an increase in EV\u2019s overall carbon footprint from mining rare earth elements to charging.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Professor Avinash Kumar Agarwal and Sharvari Patki discuss the question in a conversation moderated by Kunal Shankar. Edited excerpts:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government in 2017, withdrew the subsidy support for \u201cmild hybrids\u201d affecting popular car models like<\/span><b> Maruti Suzuki\u2019s Ciaz and Ertiga, and Mahindra and Mahindra\u2019s Scorpio. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moreover, this segment took advantage of about 65% of the subsidy component at the time. How do you view this decision by the Centre?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sharvari Patki: About <\/span><b>90% of emissions in transport are from road transport <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and 20% of this from passenger cars.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now put hybrids in perspective.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Currently,<\/span><b> two-wheelers constitute 75% of our vehicle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sales and three-wheelers another 4%, so together they are almost 80% of vehicle sales.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The EV market has already solved<\/span><b> major operational issues<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in these segments.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The majority of<\/span><b> success in EV transition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is seen in these two categories.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When we look at <\/span><b>commercial vehicles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2014primarily freight vehicles \u2014 they are <\/span><b>just 5% of the overall vehicle population<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but they alone contribute 34% of emissions, yet we do not have the hybrid truck discussion on the table.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If we remove this major chunk and then we come to passenger cars,<\/span><b> hybrids are a small portion of this.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I am counting strong hybrids because they offer almost <\/span><b>25-30% fuel efficiency<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> compared with <\/span><b>internal combustion engines (ICE). <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the models cost approximately <\/span><b>\u20b930 lakh apiece<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making them fall under the luxury car segment.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We<\/span><b> don\u2019t need to provide incentives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for people who are buying cars worth <\/span><b>\u20b930-40 lakh. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If we go back to the genesis of FAME, it was to move towards <\/span><b>emissions-free energy efficient India.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We understand that in the <\/span><b>policy space<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, there is no silver bullet.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You have to <\/span><b>keep evolving as the ecosystem <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evolves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If I go back to 2015 when<\/span><b> early electric cars<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were launched in India, we had a range of around <\/span><b>120 kilometres<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but in the past years, we have indigenous cars, <\/span><b>offering 350 to 400 kilometers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on a single charge and with zero emissions.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We don\u2019t have an infinite amount of<\/span><b> taxpayers\u2019 money.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> limited pot has to be given<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to help transition towards energy-efficient and emissions-free India.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That means we have to understand where we are<\/span><b> getting maximum value<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for our incentives.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I think the government is cognisant of this and has accordingly<\/span><b> changed the incentive patterns.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Avinash Kumar Agarwal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> I think Sharvari has made very nice points.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I would <\/span><b>slightly differ <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with her on certain aspects.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I would like to question the idea of a<\/span><b> zero emissions vehicle <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anywhere in the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You need some primary source of energy and in India, more than <\/span><b>75% of electricity is produced from coal.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And if you look at the <\/span><b>average per kWh that you are charging,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> there is a certain emission that you are emitting into the environment.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So when you evaluate and make policies on ICE versus hybrids versus electric, I must ask, am I <\/span><b>getting the kind of emission reductions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that I am looking for?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To assess this, we looked at the <\/span><b>car segment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a recently published report.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We had looked at <\/span><b>two-wheelers earlier.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This report is available freely on the website of <\/span><b>IIT Kanpur.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When you talk about the sustainability of any technology, you have three aspects \u2014 the life <\/span><b>cycle emission analysis, or LCA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, per kilometer usage of a vehicle right from production, mining and recycling and how much emission you are emitting into the environment, and finally, an important aspect especially in the Indian context is the <\/span><b>total cost of ownership or TCO.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This gives us <\/span><b>total emissions, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cost per kilometer nd then of course there is a<\/span><b> social sustainability aspect,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which is more of a qualitative number.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So let\u2019s just focus on <\/span><b>LCA and TCO.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When we did this analysis for many of the cars which are being sold in India, from the Indian players and players with foreign origin, our estimates suggest, in most cases, <\/span><b>emissions from electric are higher than ICE vehicles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and certainly <\/span><b>more than hybrid vehicles.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The tendency we have in India is to consider emissions and<\/span><b> cost only from the charging phase.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So we say <\/span><b>\u20b91 per kilometer <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and give these numbers only for the usage phase. But you don\u2019t put the cost of, say, for example, <\/span><b>battery change.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So we did this total cost of ownership for all these two power trains and then we figured in most cases, <\/span><b>hybrids emerged to be best in terms of environmental impact<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which means they were the <\/span><b>least polluting<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of all the three power trains.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And EVs were actually in some cases, even <\/span><b>more polluting than ICE vehicles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is a limited case that I\u2019m making in the context of India, where <\/span><b>75% of the power is from carbon.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So we find it <\/span><b>difficult to digest<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when my EV enthusiast friends say that it is <\/span><b>CO2 free, it is not.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We also<\/span><b> don\u2019t have the basic raw materials<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for making battery electric vehicles. You need large amounts of metals like <\/span><b>cobalt, nickel and lithium.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And so in hybrids, the advantage is that you can manage with a <\/span><b>very small battery pack <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and their total cost of ownership is slightly higher because of the <\/span><b>differential tax rate.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hybrids today are taxed even <\/span><b>more than ICE vehicles.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although the<\/span><b> GST on them<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has been proposed to be significantly reduced.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avinash Kumar Agarwal: Absolutely, but the government should <\/span><b>look at the overall objective.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They should not get into the business of<\/span><b> choosing technology.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You must specify <\/span><b>life cycle emission and GHG norms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but when you start subsidising and start choosing, then<\/span><b> technology development and progression actually stop.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For a country like India, the <\/span><b>subsidy is not sustainable <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">because of the sheer numbers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We must contextualise this conversation in the backdrop of the rapid deployment of renewables across India and the country\u2019s <\/span><b>COP26 commitment <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to generate half of our power from non-fossil based sources and ramping up renewables capacity to <\/span><b>500 GW by 2030<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. What do you think?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sharvari Patki: As the professor rightly pointed out, today we <\/span><b>don\u2019t have a completely clean grid, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but this is going to change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We are striving to ensure our <\/span><b>grid becomes greener and cleaner.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But if we wait for our grid to become green and then start our transport transition, it<\/span><b> might be too late.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So there would be some overlap where <\/span><b>both sectors\u2019 transition must go hand in hand<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We will keep <\/span><b>electrifying our transport,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> while we green our grid.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And when we say <\/span><b>zero emission, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">we completely understand we are talking about<\/span><b> zero tail pipe emission.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So in the interim scenario, when we are <\/span><b>charging everything with coal, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">we can say that hybrid makes better sense.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But again this depends on <\/span><b>how many kilometers you are running<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is the use case, the vehicle class, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And when we consider energy efficiency, <\/span><b>100 units of energy in ICE versus 100 units of energy in EV, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the majority of the energy we apply in ICE is not utilisedfor actual movement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whereas, in EVs, the majority of energy is used in traction, so by default, I think<\/span><b> EVs are more efficient.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We must also understand when<\/span><b> we do a TCO analysis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we don\u2019t consider the <\/span><b>cost before tax.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We consider what a <\/span><b>user pays.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So again, TCO calculations have<\/span><b> many assumptions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. How much fuel is used?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How the charging is done and at what rate? For example, I come from Maharashtra.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We have electric meters which offer us<\/span><b> EV tariff at \u20b95 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and then the T<\/span><b>CO changes drastically.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So these are <\/span><b>multiple things at play<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and I understand that we must ensure to <\/span><b>push technologies which are effective<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> overall and not in silos.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the government frames <\/span><b>FAME 3, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">should it consider hybrids on an equal footing for subsidies?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avinash Kumar Agarwal: I think they should be <\/span><b>at an equal footing.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There should be<\/span><b> no discrimination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> because both are supposedly environmentally cleaner technologies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sharvari Patki: I think we must consider <\/span><b>multiple calculations and factors.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Policies must evolve with the <\/span><b>changing sectoral landscape.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We must aim towards <\/span><b>zero-emissions vehicles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> because that will help us reach our climate and energy security goals<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books\/upsc-previous-year-papers?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+Previous+Year+Papers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out Previous Years Papers From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>FAME 3 policy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> should balance subsidies for hybrids and EVs, considering<\/span><b> environmental impact, energy efficiency, and evolving renewable energy infrastructure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to achieve climate goals.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.231%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 138.132%; 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text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/quiz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daily Current Affairs Quiz<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87.5963%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daily Main Answer Writing<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 138.132%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\" colspan=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>India\u2019s road transport sector contributes about 12% to the country\u2019s CO2 emissions, according to the International Energy Agency, making it the third most greenhouse gas emitting sector after energy and agriculture. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[],"subject":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/editorial-analysis\/115642"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/editorial-analysis"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/editorial-analysis"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=115642"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/editorial-analysis\/115642\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":115644,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/editorial-analysis\/115642\/revisions\/115644"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=115642"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=115642"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=115642"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=115642"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}