{"id":116892,"date":"2024-06-27T18:38:17","date_gmt":"2024-06-27T13:08:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=editorial-analysis&#038;p=116892"},"modified":"2024-06-28T15:33:40","modified_gmt":"2024-06-28T10:03:40","slug":"how-the-pesa-act-has-boosted-forest-conservation-in-india","status":"publish","type":"editorial-analysis","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/how-the-pesa-act-has-boosted-forest-conservation-in-india","title":{"rendered":"How the PESA Act has Boosted Forest Conservation in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The policy approach to conservation in India has long grappled with two kinds of conflicts: <\/span><b>conservation versus resource extraction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by local communities, and conservation versus <\/span><b>\u2018economic development\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.198%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Relevancy for Prelims:<\/b> <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/pesa-act-of-1996-extension-act\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PESA Act Of 1996 (Extension Act)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/self-governing-institutions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Panchayati Raj System<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/forest-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forests In India<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/forest-conservation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forest Conservation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Relevancy for Mains: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Panchayats Extension To The Scheduled Areas Act 1996: Provisions, Power, Functions, and Significance.<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>About PESA Act 1996<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Background:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To promote local self-governance in rural India, the<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/73rd-amendment-of-indian-constitution-panchayati-raj\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>73rd constitutional amendment<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was made in 1992.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through this amendment, a <\/span><b>three-tier <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/indias-examination-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Panchayati Raj Institution<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was made into a law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, its application to the scheduled and tribal areas under <\/span><b>Article 243(M) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was restricted.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the<\/span><b> Bhuria Committee recommendations in 1995, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PESA Act 1996 came into existence for ensuring tribal self-rule for people living in scheduled areas of India.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Role of State Government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: PESA, was enacted by the Centre to <\/span><b>ensure self- governance through gram sabhas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (village assemblies) for people living in scheduled areas.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State governments were required to amend their respective <\/span><b>Panchayat Raj Acts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> without making any law that would be inconsistent with the<\/span><b> mandate of PESA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Objective:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It l<\/span><b>egally recognises the right of tribal communities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, residents of the scheduled areas, to govern themselves through their own systems of self- government.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It acknowledges their <\/span><b>traditional rights over natural resources.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Central Government Act: Article 243M<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in The <\/span><b>Constitution Of India 1949<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Part not to apply to certain areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nothing in this Part shall apply to the <\/span><b>Scheduled Areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> referred to in clause (1), and the<\/span><b> tribal areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> referred to in clause (2), of <\/span><b>article 244.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Panchayats Extension To The Scheduled Areas Act 1996<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A one-day National Conference was organized to commemorate the <\/span><b>25th year of enactment of PESA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as part of <\/span><b>Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 243M<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Constitution exempts the <\/span><b>Fifth Schedule areas from Part IX of the Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but the Parliament is empowered to extend its provisions to the <\/span><b>Scheduled and Tribal Areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by law without it being considered as an amendment to the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on the recommendations of <\/span><b>Dileep Singh Bhuria Committee, PESA Act<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was enacted in 1996 for tribal empowerment and to bring them into the mainstream.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PESA Act is called a &#8216;<\/span><b>Constitution within the Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8216; as it extends the Provision of <\/span><b>Panchayati Raj (Part IX)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Constitution to the Fifth Schedule areas of 10 States under clause (1) of the<\/span><b> Article 244<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with certain modifications and exceptions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The 10 states:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan and Telangana.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It recognizes the role of the<\/span><b> Gram Sabha and the community<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in these areas and directs the state government to devolve power and authority directly to Gram Sabha and Panchayats.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Ministry of Panchayati Raj<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the nodal Ministry for implementation of the provisions of PESA Act.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Provisions of PESA Act<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promoting institutions of<\/span><b> Local Self Governance and participatory democracy,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> all the State Panchayati Raj Acts for <\/span><b>Fifth Schedule<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> areas have following salient features:<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All State Legislation on Panchayats shall be in conformity with the <\/span><b>customary law, social and religious practices<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and traditional management practices of community resources;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every village to have a separate Gram Sabha consisting of persons whose names are included in the <\/span><b>electoral rolls for the Panchayat <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at the village level;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every Gram Sabha to safeguard and<\/span><b> preserve the traditions and customs of people<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, their cultural identity, community resources and the customary mode of dispute resolution;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every panchayat to have reservation of seats in <\/span><b>proportion to the community population<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (minimum of 50%) with Chairperson of Panchayats at all level to be reserved for STs;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Roles and Responsibilities of Gram Sabhas:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To approve all development works in the village, identify beneficiaries, issue certificates of utilization of funds.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Powers and functions given to the Gram Sabhas<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right to mandatory consultation in land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation of displaced persons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection of traditional belief, the culture of the tribal communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ownership of minor forest products.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Resolution of the local disputes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevention of land alienation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Management of village markets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right to control production, distillation, and prohibition of liquor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exercise of control over money-lending.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any other rights involving the Scheduled Tribes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books\/upsc-modules?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+Modules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC Modules From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Significance of PESA<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Empowered Gram Sabhas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: They play a key role in approving development plans and <\/span><b>controlling all major developments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the social sectors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Tribal Integration: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decentralized governance helps in<\/span><b> reducing the grievances of tribal people,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> building trust towards integration with mainstream.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Protect Ecosystem<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: PESA empowers tribes through Gram Sabhas to preserve their connection with ecosystem. E.g. In 2013, the Supreme Court of India ordered the <\/span><b>Odisha Government to seek gram sabha permission<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for bauxite mining in Kalahandi and Rayagada district of Odisha, leading to <\/span><b>cancellation of mining on Niyamgiri hills<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Safeguard tribal interests and rights: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The control over institutions and functionaries help in protecting their traditional culture, religion and identity as well as the rights provided by the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Limitations of PESA Act<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PESA Act has made significant contributions towards<\/span><b> advancement in tribal community&#8217;s livelihoods. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But it suffers from number of challenges in its implementation and lackluster response from certain state government amplifies it, such as-<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><b>PESA Rules<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Four major tribal States namely <\/span><b>Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are yet to frame PESA Rules.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Use of unfair means for bypassing the law<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Acquisition of land happens under other acts, violating the spirit behind PESA, i.e. safeguard tribal land and consent of gram sabhas. E.g., in the <\/span><b>Korba district of Chhattisgarh,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the authorities decided to acquire land using the<\/span><b> Coal Bearing Act of 1957<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Poor Implementation of law:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A 2010 study on &#8220;<\/span><b>Status of Panchayat Extension to Schedule Area Act (PESA)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8221; in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Orissa by Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) highlighted poor implementation of the Act.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E.g., In <\/span><b>Khunti district of Jharkhand<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 65% of people whose land was acquired were not even asked about it.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its share in <\/span><b>Gumla district of Jharkhand <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was around 26%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many experts have asserted that <\/span><b>PESA did not deliver <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">due to the lack of clarity, legal infirmity, bureaucratic apathy, absence of a political will, resistance to change in the hierarchy of power, and so on.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Social audits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> conducted across the state have also pointed out that in reality different <\/span><b>developmental schemes <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">were being approved on paper by Gram Sabha, without actually having any meeting for <\/span><b>discussion and decision making<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Way Forward<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To keep the spirit of saving <\/span><b>Jal, Jungle and Jameen (Water, Forest and Land) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of tribes through PESA, reformations can be discussed on following lines-<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Implement Municipalities Extension to the Scheduled Areas (MESA): Bhuria Committee <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">recommended PESA and MESA for extending the provisions of<\/span><b> 73rd and 74th amendments to V (Fifth) schedule areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. But urban tribal areas are yet to have MESA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Framing of PESA Rules<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The remaining states must frame the PESA rules expeditiously and implement based on the <\/span><b>Ministry of Panchayati Raj model <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rules of 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Convergence of PESA with other regulations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The provisions of PESA shall be converged with converged with<\/span><b> Forest Rights Act (2006), Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (2013)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> etc. to protect tribal rights\/culture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>New Tribal Community Development Model<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj and the Ministry of Tribal Affairsshould create a new development model for the tribal community while preparing the<\/span><b> Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, keeping in mind the traditions of the tribal community and convergence of efforts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Other Steps<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Reduce<\/span><b> Land alienation among tribes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and focus on greater social development (health and education) for capacity building of tribal communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The PESA Act empowers <\/span><b>tribal self-governance and protects rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but faces implementation challenges. <\/span><b>Effective reforms and integration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with other laws are essential for its success.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9987%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Mains Question:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/critically-analyze-the-impact-of-the-panchayats-extension-to-scheduled-areas-act-1996-pesa-act-on-tribal-governance-in-india-discuss-the-key-provisions-and-challenges-in-its-implementation-sugg-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q. Critically analyze the impact of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA Act) on tribal governance in India. Discuss the key provisions and challenges in its implementation. Suggest measures to enhance its effectiveness in promoting self-governance in tribal areas.\u00a0 \u00a0 (15 Marks, 250 Words)<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.229%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 138.125%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.5357%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Editorials<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87.5895%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/daily-current-affairs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Current Affairs<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.5357%; 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