{"id":117166,"date":"2024-06-29T19:20:36","date_gmt":"2024-06-29T13:50:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=editorial-analysis&#038;p=117166"},"modified":"2024-07-01T17:03:41","modified_gmt":"2024-07-01T11:33:41","slug":"issue-of-cross-border-terror","status":"publish","type":"editorial-analysis","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/issue-of-cross-border-terror","title":{"rendered":"Reasi And The &#8216;Years-Old&#8217; Issue Of Cross-Border Terror"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> Reasi terrorist attack <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of June 9, the day the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, took his oath of office for a third term, is reminiscent of the<\/span><b> attack on the Consulate General of India (CGI), <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Herat, Afghanistan on May 23, 2014, three days prior to his first swearing-in.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.3%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Relevancy for Prelims:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Reasi terrorist attack, Reasi, Indo- Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), etc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Relevancy for Mains:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Evolution of India&#8217;s counter-terrorism strategy,\u00a0 Use of force and political activity in Jammu and Kashmir, etc.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Issue Of Cross-Border Terror<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Nine pilgrims lost their lives <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the attack in Reasi (in Jammu and Kashmir) and 41 were injured. Fortunately, the<\/span><b> four Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorists<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who attacked CGI Herat were detected in time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the terrorists who reached the door of the building was <\/span><b>neutralised by an alert Indo- Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) jawan.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Continuing Challenge<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The possibility of the Reasi attack&#8217;s<\/span><b> links with terrorist groups in Pakistan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> remains high.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Jammu division has witnessed <\/span><b>many terrorist incidents<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> over the past few months, including after the Reasi attack.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They profile the<\/span><b> persistence of the terrorist challenge<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India has faced for almost 35 years especially in J&#038;K.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How far has the country succeeded in dealing with this grave problem?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pakistan and separatists in J&#038;K<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were encouraged by the success of the Afghan Jihad.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pakistan thought that if a superpower could be defeated by Afghan Islamist groups, other such groups could be <\/span><b>used to pressure India in Kashmir through mass uprisings, violence against minorities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and terrorist actions against prominent personalities and the security forces, leading this country to abandon Kashmir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian state and its security forces<\/span><b> took time to craft defensive counter-insurgency <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>counter-terrorism approaches<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the first half of the 1990s.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> Pakistan Army <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and its political class are committed to the<\/span><b> &#8220;Kashmir cause&#8221;.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the late 1980s and early 1990s, both <\/span><b>Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who became Pakistan&#8217;s Prime Ministers in turn were <\/span><b>supportive of the promotion of separatism in J&#038;K<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by the army and intelligence agencies, through the use of terror.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ms. Bhutto decided <\/span><b>not to hold talks with India <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in 1994 unless India was willing to purposefully<\/span><b> engage Pakistan on J&#038;K<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a manner Pakistan prescribed.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consequently, there was <\/span><b>no dialogue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between the two countries while she was in office.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mr. Sharif became Prime Minister in 1997<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, for the second time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He decided to <\/span><b>change Ms. Bhutto&#8217;s policy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and engage India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pakistan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> desired a<\/span><b> structured dialogue with India <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which would focus on all issues &#8211; humanitarian, conflict resolution and the development of cooperative mechanisms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Within this rubric, its<\/span><b> focus was on &#8216;disputes&#8217;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, J&#038;K being the priority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, India wished to <\/span><b>discuss Pakistani terrorism as a separate issue <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the dialogue process.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the mid-1990s, India had gained the confidence to <\/span><b>manage Pakistan-sponsored terrorism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in J&#038;K.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While it was exacting a toll in lives and had disrupted normalcy, the apprehension that <\/span><b>Pakistan would take the State out of India&#8217;s grip had gone.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The decision to <\/span><b>hold Assembly elections in J&#038;K in 1996 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was a signal that while the application of<\/span><b> force to counter terrorism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was necessary and would continue, there was <\/span><b>space to begin political activity.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>India&#8217;s Choosing Diplomacy, Dialogue<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, a <\/span><b>combination of force and the restoration of political activity <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was used to address the problem in Kashmir: a problem within India&#8217;s internal jurisdiction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Distinct from the problem <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in Kashmir was the issue of Kashmir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This related to the r<\/span><b>ecovery of the State&#8217;s territory<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Pakistani control. Under the <\/span><b>Simla Agreement of 1972<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, India was committed to resolving this <\/span><b>issue peacefully<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, through negotiations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, in 1972, the idea that <\/span><b>Pakistan would promote terrorism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through Islamist non-state actors under its control had not been contemplated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hence, the c<\/span><b>onstraints imposed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by the Simla Agreement became<\/span><b> void once Pakistan resorted to terrorism <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and India could legitimately treat Pakistani terrorism as a <\/span><b>&#8216;strategic&#8217; issue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, i.e., one which required the application of force in the external sphere.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, India chose the <\/span><b>path of diplomacy and dialogue.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>India and Pakistan <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agreed on the mechanics of a bilateral<\/span><b> composite dialogue in September 1998.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The composite dialogue <\/span><b>listed &#8216;terrorism and counter-narcotics&#8217;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as one of the eight issues of engagement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It became clear to India from the very first bilateral exchange on this issue in October 1998, that Pakistan was<\/span><b> unwilling to address India&#8217;s concerns.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This has continued to <\/span><b>remain Pakistan&#8217;s attitude<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> because the calibrated use of terrorist groups against India became a <\/span><b>part of its security doctrine from the 1990s.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pakistan has adopted this approach for, if nothing else, it has meant <\/span><b>pinning down an estimated two lakh security personnel <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in J&#038;K to handle terrorism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That is a <\/span><b>conservative number.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>From 1998 to 2016<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, all three Prime Ministers &#8211; Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Manmohan Singh and Narendra Modi &#8211; pursued the<\/span><b> path of diplomacy, as part of the Composite Dialogue, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to address Pakistan-sponsored terrorism.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indeed,<\/span><b> Dr. Manmohan Singh <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tried to insulate the larger bilateral relationship by establishing with Pakistan a <\/span><b>joint anti-terrorism mechanism, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but it went nowhere.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The problem with the diplomatic approach was that <\/span><b>public opinion in India was for military action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after an &#8216;unacceptable&#8217; terrorist attack or provocative and &#8216;unacceptable&#8217; Pakistani action.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, governments chose only to <\/span><b>withdraw from the dialogue process<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A prominent illustration of this proposition was witnessed after the <\/span><b>2008 Mumbai terrorist attack <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when Dr. Manmohan Singh opted out of the dialogue process; he chose to<\/span><b> garner global diplomatic support <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">against Pakistan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There was<\/span><b> public pressure to take kinetic action <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but he opted not to.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earlier, India had seriously considered using its<\/span><b> military forces against Pakistan <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in December 2001, as a reaction to the terror <\/span><b>attack on Parliament<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was the bravery and the <\/span><b>sacrifice of Parliament&#8217;s security personnel<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which had prevented the killing of a number of Indian political leaders.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> A.B. Vajpayee government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> mobilised the<\/span><b> Indian armed forces <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but eventually decided n<\/span><b>ot to go to war<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> because President Pervez Musharraf gave an assurance that Pakistan would not use territory under its <\/span><b>control to promote terrorism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> against India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It <\/span><b>did not keep its word<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>The Use of Pre-Emption<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pakistan&#8217;s use of terrorism against its neighbours is generally <\/span><b>recognised by the major powers.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its reliance on<\/span><b> plausible deniability <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has not been sustainable for years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India too has given material linking Pakistani terrorist groups to terrorist incidents but <\/span><b>Pakistan has not taken action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> against them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was clear after the <\/span><b>Mumbai terrorist attack<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the<\/span><b> Pathankot airbase attack<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in January 2016, India allowed a Pakistani team which included an<\/span><b> Inter-Services Intelligence officer <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to visit the airbase.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However,<\/span><b> Pakistan again did not take<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the investigation forward.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has faced a persistent terrorism challenge from Pakistan, <strong>b<\/strong><\/span><b>alancing military action, political processes, and diplomacy <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to address and manage the threat over decades.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.099%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Mains Question:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/discuss-the-evolution-of-indias-counter-terrorism-strategies-since-the-1990s-focusing-on-the-balance-between-the-use-of-force-and-political-activity-in-jammu-and-kashmir-15-marks-250-words\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q. Discuss the evolution of India&#8217;s counter-terrorism strategies since the 1990s, focusing on the balance between the use of force and political activity in Jammu and Kashmir.\u00a0 (15 Marks, 250 Words)<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.133%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 138.058%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.5357%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Editorials<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87.5219%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/daily-current-affairs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Current Affairs<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.5357%; 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