{"id":59576,"date":"2023-12-04T11:22:15","date_gmt":"2023-12-04T05:52:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=ncert-books&p=59576"},"modified":"2024-09-25T15:55:04","modified_gmt":"2024-09-25T10:25:04","slug":"india-sustainable-human-development-challenges","status":"publish","type":"ncert-notes","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/india-sustainable-human-development-challenges","title":{"rendered":"Sustainable Human Development: Nurturing Both Economies and Lives"},"content":{"rendered":"

Assessing India’s Sustainable Human Development\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

At international level also, merely <\/span>good numbers in GDP does not provide the assurance of development.<\/b> The comparison of India with its neighboring countries like Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh reveals that despite India’s larger size and economy, it <\/span>lags behind in several human development indicators<\/b>. (Refer Figure).<\/span><\/p>\n

Beyond HDI: Essence of Sustainable Human Development<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Though various improvements have been proposed for calculating the <\/span>Human Development Index (HDI).<\/b>\n
      \n
    • It should be noted that the prefix “<\/span>Human<\/b>” in HDI emphasizes the significance of <\/span>people’s health and overall welfare<\/b> and the essence of development lies in the <\/span>well-being<\/b> and <\/span>quality of life<\/b> of a country’s citizens.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
    • This prompts us to consider whether there are additional aspects that should be taken into account when measuring human development.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \n

      <\/p>\n

      Human Development Report: A First step toward Sustainable Human Development<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n
        \n
      • Recognizing the limitations of using <\/span>income<\/b> as the sole measure of development, <\/span>health and education<\/b> indicators have gained prominence.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • These indicators, such as those used in comparing Kerala and Haryana, provide a more comprehensive understanding of development.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
      • The <\/span>Human Development Report<\/b>, published <\/span>by UNDP<\/b>, compares countries based on <\/span>educational levels, health status, and per capita income.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        <\/p>\n <\/div>\n

        \n

        <\/p>\n

        \"Figure:<\/p>\n

        NOTES:<\/b><\/p>\n

          \n
        • HDI stands for Human Development Index. HDI ranks in above table are out of 189 countries in all.<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Life Expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests, average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Figure: Data regarding India and its neighbours for 2019<\/b><\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n <\/div>\n

          How can Sustainable Human Development Shape Our Future?<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n
            \n
          • Challenges for Sustainable Human Development in India:\u00a0<\/b>\n
              \n
            • In recent decades, concerns have arisen about the <\/span>sustainability of current development practices<\/b>.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Scientists have cautioned that the relentless pursuit of development, particularly when it involves <\/span>overusing<\/b> renewable resources<\/b> like groundwater or <\/span>depleting non-renewable resources<\/b>, is not viable in the long term.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
            • Global Impact of Environmental degradation:<\/b> It transcends national and regional boundaries, highlighting the <\/span>interconnectedness of our future.<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Sustainability has become a key focus area for scientists, economists, philosophers, and social scientists, with an emphasis on sustainable human development<\/span><\/li>\n
            • The ongoing debate about development persists, prompting individuals and societies to consider their goals and the path they want to take.<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Sustainable Human development, with a focus on human development, aims to balance economic advancement with social and environmental considerations in order to achieve equity, well-being, and general quality of life for all.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              \n

              <\/p>\n

              \u201cWe have not inherited the world from our forefathers \u2014 we have borrowed it from our children.\u201d- Mr. Lester Brown.<\/span><\/p>\n

              <\/p>\n <\/div>\n

              \n

              <\/p>\n

              Groundwater Depletion in India’s Critical Regions<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

              \"Groundwater<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Recent evidence highlights a concerning trend of <\/span>groundwater overuse<\/b> in various parts of India.<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Approximately <\/span>300 districts<\/b> have experienced a <\/span>decline in water levels<\/b> exceeding 4 meters<\/b> over the past two decades.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Presently, nearly <\/span>one-third of the country is overexploiting its groundwater resources<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n
              • If these practices persist, it is projected that within the next 25 years, <\/span>60 percent of the country will face a similar situation.<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Groundwater depletion is particularly prevalent in agriculturally prosperous regions like <\/span>Punjab<\/b> and <\/span>Western Uttar Pradesh<\/b>, <\/span>hard rock plateau areas<\/b> in central and southern India, certain coastal regions, and rapidly expanding urban areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                <\/p>\n <\/div>\n

                \n

                <\/p>\n

                Exhaustion of Natural Resources<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

                \"Exhaustion<\/p>\n

                The figure provides an estimation of crude oil reserves. More significantly,<\/span> it indicates the remaining years these crude oil reserves will be sustained<\/b> if the current extraction rate continues.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Globally, these reserves are projected to <\/span>last only an additional 50 years.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n
                • However, individual countries confront unique circumstances.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                • For example,<\/span> India relies on oil imports<\/b> due to insufficient domestic reserves, which could pose a burden in the event of rising oil prices.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                • Conversely, countries like the USA, with limited reserves, <\/span>seek to ensure their oil supply through military or economic means.<\/b><\/li>\n
                • Thus, the question of sustainability of development raises many<\/span> fundamentally new issues about the nature and process of development.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  <\/p>\n <\/div>\n

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