{"id":100076,"date":"2024-06-06T15:40:11","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T10:10:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=udaan&#038;p=100076"},"modified":"2024-09-17T13:30:47","modified_gmt":"2024-09-17T08:00:47","slug":"subhas-chandra-bose-and-ina","status":"publish","type":"udaan","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/subhas-chandra-bose-and-ina","title":{"rendered":"All About Subhas Chandra Bose and INA"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Introduction<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/subhash-chandra-bose\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Subhas Chandra Bose<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was a prominent leader in India&#8217;s fight for independence from British rule during the early to mid-20th century. <\/span><b>Dissatisfied with the nonviolent approach<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Indian National Congress, Bose sought more direct methods to achieve freedom for his country.<\/span><b> In 1942<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, during <\/span><b>World War II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, he established the <\/span><b>Indian National Army <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(INA), also known as the <\/span><b>Azad Hind Fauj<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with the help of the Axis powers, particularly Japan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Subhas Chandra Bose: A Revolutionary Leader&#8217;s Journey<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Subhas Chandra Bose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, known for his militant stance, reacted strongly to European insults against Indians.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initially <\/span><b>secured the fourth position<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/tag\/indian-civil-service\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Indian Civil Services<\/b><\/a><b> examination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but <\/span><b>resigned in 1921<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to join the freedom struggle. He served as the <\/span><b>mayor of Calcutta in 1923<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. His political guru was <\/span><b>Chittaranjan Das<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He faced multiple imprisonments by the British for his activism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unable to align with Gandhi&#8217;s methods, Bose, realizing Congress&#8217;s commitment to Gandhi&#8217;s path, decided to pursue independence on his own terms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Anti-Compromise Conference (March 1940)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Origin:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bose convened an <\/span><b>Anti-Compromise Conference at Ramgarh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><b>March 1940<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It was a <\/span><b>joint effort by<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the <\/span><b>Forward Bloc<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>the Kisan Sabha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Global Resistance: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was resolved to <\/span><b>launch a worldwide struggle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on <\/span><b>April 6, 1940<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, coinciding with the National Week, against imperialist war, urging people not to support the Imperialist War with resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Arrest and House Arrest: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was<\/span><b> arrested in July 1940<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for protesting against a proposed monument for <\/span><b>Holwell<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Calcutta.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was <\/span><b>released from prison<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but placed under house arrest in <\/span><b>December 1940<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after a hunger strike.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Escape and Exile: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was reported that Bose had <\/span><b>escaped in<\/b> <b>January 1941<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, reaching <\/span><b>Peshawar on January 26, 1941<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, under the<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pseudonym<\/span><b> Ziauddin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with help from <\/span><b>Bhagat Ram<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He left India with the intent to supplement the ongoing struggle and explored options for external support.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bose&#8217;s Alliance with Germany: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He initially sought assistance from <\/span><b>Russia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for India&#8217;s freedom, but Russia&#8217;s alignment with the Allies in June 1941 led to Bose&#8217;s disappointment. Subsequently, he moved to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/india-germany-bilateral-relations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Germany<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Freedom Army: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There, he met Hitler using the pseudonym <\/span><b>Orlando Mazzotta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and formed the <\/span><b>&#8216;Freedom Army&#8217; (Mukti Sena)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with <\/span><b>Indian prisoners of war<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> captured by Germany and Italy.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Dresden, Germany<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, became the <\/span><b>headquarters of the Freedom Army<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bose came to be called \u2018Netaji\u2019 by the people of Germany. He gave the famous slogan, <\/span><b>\u2018Jai Hind\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the <\/span><b>Free India Centre<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><b> Germany<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Berlin Radio Broadcasts<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Started regular broadcasts from <\/span><b>Berlin radio<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><b>January 1942<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>early 1943<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, he <\/span><b>left Germany<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He traveled via German and Japanese<\/span><b> submarines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, to reach Japan and then <\/span><b>Singapore<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by <\/span><b>July 1943<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was to <\/span><b>take command of the Indian independence movement from Rashbehari Bose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, marking the <\/span><b>second phase of the <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/indian-national-army\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Indian National Army<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Indian National Army (INA)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Emergence of the Indian National Army: Mohan Singh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with the support of the Japanese, <\/span><b>formed the Indian National Army (INA)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by recruiting <\/span><b>Indian prisoners of war<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (POWs).<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This initiative was further fueled by the Quit India movement, leading to a substantial force of 40,000 men ready to join the INA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The INA consisted primarily of <\/span><b>Indian soldiers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who were prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in Southeast Asia.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>INA&#8217;s Conditional Action: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The action of INA was contingent upon receiving an invitation from the Indian National Congress and the people of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Motivations Behind the INA: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The creation of this army has been widely viewed as a response to potential <\/span><b>Japanese misconduct against Indians<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in South-East Asia and as a protective measure against any prospective Japanese occupation of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> first division of the INA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was formed with 16,300 men in September 1942.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100.2%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>Contribution of Rash Behari Bose<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rashbehari Bose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a prominent freedom fighter, <\/span><b>fled to Japan in 1915<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after failed revolutionary activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Japan, he actively engaged in promoting the Indian independence movement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His efforts included activities in <\/span><b>Pan-Asian circles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, founding the <\/span><b>Indian Club of Tokyo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and delivering lectures on the <\/span><b>drawbacks of Western imperialism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was impressed by Subhas Chandra Bose from the outset.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In February 1944, after a collapse of his lungs, Rashbehari\u2019s health steadily deteriorated, and he died on January 21, 1945.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li><b>INA Leadership Transition<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>INA&#8217;s Affiliation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A conference in <\/span><b>Bangkok<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, held under Japanese occupation, decided to place the INA under the <\/span><b>Indian Independence League,<\/b> <b>chaired by Rashbehari Bose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. He founded<\/span><b> the League in Tokyo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><b>1942<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Japanese sought Subhas Bose to lead the INA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Transfer of Leadership: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In July 1943, <\/span><b>Subhas Bose met Rashbehari Bose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><b>Singapore<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who willingly transferred control of the <\/span><b>Indian Independence League<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><b>INA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to him.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Formation of the Provisional Government: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Subhas Bose became the <\/span><b>Supreme Commander<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the INA on <\/span><b>August 25<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. On <\/span><b>October 21, 1943<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Subhas Bose formed the <\/span><b>Provisional Government for Free India in Singapore<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with <\/span><b>H.C. Chatterjee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Finance portfolio), <\/span><b>M.A. Aiyar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Broadcasting), and Lakshmi Swaminathan (Women Department).<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The famous slogan, <\/span><b>&#8220;Give me blood, I will give you freedom,&#8221;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was <\/span><b>coined in Malaya<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The provisional government <\/span><b>declared war on Britain and the <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/the-united-states-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>United States<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and was recognised by the Axis powers.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A women&#8217;s regiment, named <\/span><b>Rani Jhansi Regiment, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was formed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span class=\"vc_button\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>INA Operations and Challenges<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>INA&#8217;s Strategic Shift: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The INA headquarters moved t<\/span><b>o<\/b> <b>Rangoon (Burma)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><b>January 1944,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the army recruits were to march with the war cry <\/span><b>\u201cChalo Delhi!\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On <\/span><b>November 6, 1943<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the Japanese army handed over the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/strategic-importance-of-andaman-and-nicobar-island\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Andaman and Nicobar Islands<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the INA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Bose&#8217;s Tribute to Gandhi: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On <\/span><b>July 6, 1944<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Bose addressed <\/span><b>Gandhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as the <\/span><b>&#8216;Father of the Nation&#8217; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from the <\/span><b>Azad Hind Radio<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">marking the first use of this term.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He sought Gandhi&#8217;s blessings for <\/span><b>&#8220;India&#8217;s last war of independence.&#8221;<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>INA&#8217;s Struggles and Disillusionment: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the<\/span><b> Imphal campaign<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an INA battalion, led by <\/span><b>Shah Nawaz<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>joined the Japanese Army<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the <\/span><b>Indo-Burma front<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">INA units <\/span><b>faced discrimination<\/b> <b>from the Japanese<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including denial of rations and arms.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They were forced to do menial work for Japanese units, leading to demoralization and disgust among the INA.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9797%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 873.556%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Must Read<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6699%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Current Affairs<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 823.886%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Editorial Analysis<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6699%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Upsc Notes\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 823.886%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Upsc Blogs\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6699%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCERT Notes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 823.886%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Free Main Answer Writing<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>INA on Indian Soil and Subsequent Events<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Azad Hind Fauz<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> entered Indian soil on <\/span><b>March 18, 1944<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, after crossing the Burma border.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Moirang Triumph: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On <\/span><b>April 14, 1944<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>Colonel Malik<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> raised the INA<\/span><b> flag at Moirang, Manipur<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This marked the <\/span><b>first hoisting of the INA flag<\/b> <b>on the Indian mainland<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, greeted with cries of <\/span><b>&#8220;Jai Hind&#8221;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>&#8220;Netaji Zindabad.&#8221;<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">INA carried out military administration duties at Moirang for three months. <\/span><b>Allied forces<\/b> <b>reclaimed the territory<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, leading to the <\/span><b>withdrawal of INA<\/b> <b>brigades<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on July 18, 1944.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Japanese Retreat: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">INA&#8217;s hopes of liberating the nation were quashed with the Japanese retreat, which continued until mid-1945.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On <\/span><b>August 15, 1945<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Japan surrendered in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/development-of-the-press-during-the-second-world-war\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Second World War<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. With this, INA also surrendered.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>End of an Era: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On <\/span><b>August 18, 1945<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>Subhas Bose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reportedly <\/span><b>died<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a mysterious <\/span><b>air crash in Taipei, Taiwan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>INA<\/b> <b>POWs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were <\/span><b>brought back to India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after the war for court-martial.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Led by Bose, the INA aimed to <\/span><b>liberate India from British colonial rule<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through military means.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although the INA faced various challenges and setbacks, it became a <\/span><b>symbol of resistance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and inspired nationalist fervor among Indians.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bose&#8217;s leadership and the INA&#8217;s efforts played a significant role in India&#8217;s struggle for independence, contributing to the eventual end of British rule in the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100.219%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 107.342%; 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