{"id":104744,"date":"2024-06-01T16:09:57","date_gmt":"2024-06-01T10:39:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=udaan&#038;p=104744"},"modified":"2024-09-17T15:59:23","modified_gmt":"2024-09-17T10:29:23","slug":"explain-weathering-process","status":"publish","type":"udaan","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/explain-weathering-process","title":{"rendered":"Weathering: Definition, Classification &#038; Process"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/basic-soil-formation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weathering<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is defined as the <\/span><b>mechanical disintegration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>chemical decomposition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of rocks through the actions of various elements of weather and climate. It is an <\/span><b>In-Situ<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><b>Onsite <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">process<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This can happen in two main ways: mechanically, where rocks are physically broken apart, and chemically, where rocks are broken down by chemical reactions. Factors like the type of rock, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/indian-weather-seasons\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">weather<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and climate in an area, the shape of the land, and the presence of plants all influence how weathering occurs. Understanding weathering helps us learn how landscapes change over time.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Classification of Weathering processes<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weathering processes are grouped into <\/span><b>two main categories:<\/b> <b>Chemical Weathering<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, where rocks are broken down by chemical reactions, <\/span><b>Mechanical Weathering<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, where rocks are physically broken down into smaller pieces, and <\/span><b>Biological Weathering<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where plants and animals carry out the weathering process.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Chemical Weathering Processes<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-104720 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/278-662ccdb41c075.webp\" alt=\"Chemical Weathering\" width=\"510\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/278-662ccdb41c075.webp 750w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/278-662ccdb41c075-300x249.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It includes <\/span><b>solution, carbonation, hydration, oxidation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>reduction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Water, air and heat are vital for accelerating chemical reactions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Solution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Dissolution in <\/span><b>water or acid<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Minerals like <\/span><b>calcium carbonate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>calcium magnesium bicarbonate <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">present in <\/span><b>limestone <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are soluble in water containing carbonic acid.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Carbonation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Process of<\/span><b> atmospheric carbon dioxide<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> causing <\/span><b>solution weathering;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> common process helping in breaking down of <\/span><b>felspar <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>carbonate <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">minerals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hydration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Minerals<\/span><b> take up water<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and expand which <\/span><b>increases the volume<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the material (Calcium sulphate+water= Gypsum).\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Continued repetition leads to <\/span><b>physical weathering<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through exfoliation and granular disintegration.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Oxidation and Reduction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: In <\/span><b>oxidation,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rock breakdown occurs due to the disturbance caused by <\/span><b>addition of oxygen<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When oxidized minerals are placed in an <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/environment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">environment<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where<\/span><b> oxygen is absent <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(eg: below water table\/ waterlogged areas) <\/span><b>reduction <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">takes place.<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Physical or Mechanical <\/b><b>Weathering Processes\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physical or mechanical weathering refers to a process that relies on applied forces. Most of the processes are caused by thermal expansion and pressure release. These forces could be <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/newton-law-of-gravitation\/\"><b>gravitational forces<\/b><\/a><b>, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>expansion forces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>water pressures.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Unloading and Expansion: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In areas of <\/span><b>curved ground surface<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><b> arched fractures<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tend to <\/span><b>produce<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> massive sheets or<\/span><b> exfoliation slabs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of rock.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Large smooth rounded domes<\/span><b> called exfoliation domes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are a result of this process.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Temperature Changes and Expansion<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Most <\/span><b>effective<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><b>dry climates <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<\/span><b> high elevations <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where <\/span><b>diurnal temperature changes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are <\/span><b>drastic.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-104721 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/279-662ccdb29c137.webp\" alt=\"Chemical Weathering\" width=\"592\" height=\"183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/279-662ccdb29c137.webp 1105w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/279-662ccdb29c137-300x93.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/279-662ccdb29c137-1024x317.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/279-662ccdb29c137-768x238.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 592px) 100vw, 592px\" \/><b>Freezing, Thawing and Frost Wedging<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Most<\/span><b> effective<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at<\/span><b> high elevations <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in <\/span><b>mid-latitudes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where freezing and melting are often repeated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Freezing <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">involves the transformation of water into ice.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Thawing <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the process of melting ice back into water, and\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Frost Wedging<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the mechanical breakup of rocks caused by repeated freezing and thawing cycles.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Salt weathering<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><b> Salts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in rocks <\/span><b>expand <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">due to<\/span><b> thermal action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>hydration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>crystallisation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Salt crystallisation is the most effective of all salt weathering processes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100.4%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Exfoliation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> occurs<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when curved sheets of material peel away from rocks due to temperature-induced expansion and contraction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Exfoliation domes <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are large and smooth rounded domes formed due to unloading and expansion of rocks.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Exfoliation tor <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is smooth surfaced and rounded small to big size boulders, formed due to temperature changes and expansion in rocks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Biological Weathering<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It involves <\/span><b>organisms <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and includes:\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Organism Growth: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It involves <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">burrowing and wedging activities by creatures like earthworms, termites, and rodents that expose fresh surfaces.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Organic Matter Decay:<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decomposing plant and animal matter generates humic, carbonic, and other acids, promoting the decay and solubility of certain elements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Root Pressure:<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mechanically breaking apart earth materials.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100.217%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 665.296%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Must Read<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.91%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Current Affairs<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 615.386%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Editorial Analysis<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.91%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Upsc Notes\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 615.386%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Upsc Blogs\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.91%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCERT Notes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 615.386%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Free Main Answer Writing<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weathering, the process of <\/span><b>rocks breaking down<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, is a crucial element in shaping Earth&#8217;s landscapes. It occurs through various methods, including <\/span><b>chemical reactions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>physical forces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and the <\/span><b>actions of living organisms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. By understanding how weathering works, we can gain insight into the ever-changing nature of our environment and the forces that shape it over time.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.2%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154.961%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center; height: 30px;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Related Articles\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50.3913%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/environment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ENVIRONMENT<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104.57%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/newton-law-of-gravitation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gravitation: Newton\u2019s Laws &#038; Universal Movement of Celestial Bodies<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50.3913%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/basic-soil-formation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Soil Formation: Key Factors, Climate, Evolution<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104.57%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8; height: 30px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/indian-weather-seasons\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Weather Seasons: Understanding the Annual Climate Cycle<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","udaan-chapter":[5420],"udaan-subject":[5415],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/udaan\/104744"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/udaan"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/udaan"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=104744"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=104744"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"udaan-chapter","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/udaan-chapter?post=104744"},{"taxonomy":"udaan-subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/udaan-subject?post=104744"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}