{"id":114559,"date":"2024-06-17T12:12:51","date_gmt":"2024-06-17T06:42:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=udaan&#038;p=114559"},"modified":"2024-09-20T18:30:28","modified_gmt":"2024-09-20T13:00:28","slug":"innovations-space-exploration-missions","status":"publish","type":"udaan","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/innovations-space-exploration-missions","title":{"rendered":"Innovations in Space Exploration: Missions, Technologies and Future Endeavors"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/indian-space-sector\/\"><b>Space exploration<\/b><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has advanced significantly with missions ranging from studying the <\/span><b>Sun&#8217;s corona to exploring the Moon and Mars<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Countries like<\/span><b> India, the US, and Russia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have achieved remarkable milestones in understanding celestial bodies and their environments. Recent developments promise new missions to further expand our knowledge of space.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>An Overview Of Advancements in Space Exploration and Satellite Technology<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Exploration of the Sun<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Parker Solar Probe: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the first spacecraft to reach the solar corona\u2019s lower layers.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The structure and dynamics of the <\/span><b>Sun\u2019s coronal plasma<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/magnetic-field-lines\/\"><b>magnetic field<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> will be studied.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parker measured <\/span><b>particles <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<\/span><b> magnetic fields<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the Sun\u2019s upper atmosphere, known as the <\/span><b>corona<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, according to NASA.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-114562 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-68.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-68.webp 379w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-68-228x300.webp 228w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Aditya L-1 Mission:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up for Aditya-L1, the country\u2019s first scientific mission to study the Sun.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would be positioned in the<\/span><b> L1 Lagrange point<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is a location in space.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aditya L1 will be launched with <\/span><b>seven payloads <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(instruments) aboard the <\/span><b>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (PSLV) XL.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It will conduct <\/span><b>round-the-clock imaging of the Sun<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and investigate the corona, photosphere,chromosphere, solar emissions, solar winds and flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Missions to Moon<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Numerous space missions <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have been launched to explore <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/celestial-bodies-the-solar-system-by-exploring-sun-moon-asteroids-meteoroids-planets\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earth\u2019s natural satellite<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as part of human exploration of the Moon.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Luna 2: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Soviet Union\u2019s Luna 2 was the first spacecraft to reach the Moon\u2019s surface safely.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Luna 9: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was the first spacecraft to make a<\/span><b> controlled soft landing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, while <\/span><b>Luna 10 was the first mission to enter orbit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, both in 1966.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Apollo: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crewed missions to the Moon were carried out by the United States as part of the Apollo programme between 1968 and 1972.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apollo 8 was the first crewed mission to enter orbit in 1968.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during Apollo 11 in July 1969.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So far,<\/span><b> 24 humans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have visited this massive landmass, 12 have walked on it.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Recent Developments: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With <\/span><b>Artemis missions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, NASA will land the <\/span><b>first woman and first person of color on the Moon<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, using innovative technologies to explore more of the lunar surface than ever before.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><b>India\u2019 s Missions to Moon<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Chandrayaan 1<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s <\/span><b>first mission to the Moon was<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> launched in 2008.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chandrayaan 1 reached the lunar orbit<\/span><b> 21 days<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after its launch and after making 3400 orbits around the Moon and transmitting data.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In late November 2008, Chandrayaan 1 began experiencing abnormally high temperatures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>last contact with Chandrayaan 1<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was on August 28, 2009. It still circles around the Moon.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Chandrayaan 2<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The failure of Chandrayaan-2, <\/span><b>India\u2019s second mission to the Moon<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, to make a soft-landing on the lunar surface had led to much disappointment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> lander and rover malfunctioned <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the final moments and crash-landed, getting destroyed in the process<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But that did not mean the entire mission had been wasted. The<\/span><b> Orbiter part of the mission has been functioning normally<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Chandrayaan-3<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chandrayaan-3 mission consists of a<\/span><b> lander module<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a<\/span><b> propulsion module<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and a<\/span><b> rover<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chandrayaan-3 Lander has <\/span><b>solar panels on four sides<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, instead of only two in Chandrayaan-2.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate <\/span><b>end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The spacecraft departed from the<\/span><b> Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on July 14, 2023, and smoothly entered lunar orbit by August 5, 2023.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The lander achieved a<\/span><b> flawless touchdown <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">near the lunar south pole on August 23, 2023.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The total weight of Chandrayaan-3 is 3,900 kg, with the propulsion module weighing 2,148 kg and the lander and the rover both weighing 1,752 kg.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Missions to Mars<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Beginner: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> Soviets<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sent a series of probes to Mars beginning in 1960.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mariner 9:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> became the first space probe to circle another planet when it entered orbit around Mars on November 14, 1971.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mars Global Surveyor: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1997, <\/span><b>NASA\u2019s<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Mars Global Surveyor was launched into orbit around Mars.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The primary mapping mission was completed in early 2001, and the mission was a perfect success.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mars Pathfinder: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1997, <\/span><b>NASA\u2019s<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Mars Pathfinder landed in the<\/span><b> Ares Vallis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on Mars, carrying the <\/span><b>robotic exploration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spacecraft Sojourner.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mars Odyssey: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2001, <\/span><b>NASA\u2019s<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Mars Odyssey orbiter was sent into orbit around Mars.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mangalyaan:<\/b> <b>ISRO <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">launched the Mars Orbiter Mission, on November 5, 2013. (ISRO).\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On September 24, 2014, it was successfully placed into Martian orbit.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Voyager Mission<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Launch of Voyager Spacecraft: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The twin spacecraft Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were launched by <\/span><b>NASA <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in separate months in the summer of 1977 from Cape Canaveral, Florida.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mission Objectives: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As originally designed, the Voyagers were to conduct closeup studies of <\/span><b>Jupiter and Saturn, Saturn\u2019s rings, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>the larger moons<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the two planets.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During planetary flybys, Voyager 2 is the only probe that has ever studied Neptune and Uranus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the world\u2019s <\/span><b>second man-made object to orbit the sun.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Achievements of Voyager 2: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited all four gas giant planets \u2014 Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune \u2014 and found 16 moons, as well as phenomena such as Neptune\u2019s seemingly <\/span><b>ephemeral Great Dark Spot<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><b> Europa\u2019s ice shell fissures<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>ring structures<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on each planet.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-114563 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-69.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"873\" height=\"890\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-69.webp 2008w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-69-294x300.webp 294w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-69-1004x1024.webp 1004w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-69-768x783.webp 768w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-69-1506x1536.webp 1506w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-69-1568x1599.webp 1568w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 873px) 100vw, 873px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Gaganyaan Mission<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Overview of Gaganyaan Flights: Gaganyaan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is an Indian Space Research Organisation mission (ISRO).<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Three Gaganyaan flights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> will be sent into orbit, according to the Gaganyaan programme.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Two unmanned missions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and one human spaceflight are planned.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Three Indian astronauts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><b> including a woman<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, will be aboard the Gaganyaan system module, dubbed the Orbital Module.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For <\/span><b>5-7 days<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it will orbit Earth in a <\/span><b>low-earth-orbit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at a distance of 300-400 kilometres.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Launch Vehicle GSLV Mk III: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle GSLV Mk III, also known as the LVM-3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3), will be utilised to launch Gaganyaan because it has the appropriate payload capabilities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Planned Missions of Gaganyaan: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gaganyaan\u2019s important missions, including as the test vehicle flight to validate the <\/span><b>crew escape system\u2019s performance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and Gaganyaan\u2019s <\/span><b>first uncrewed mission<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (G1), are planned for the second half of next year (2022).<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>second uncrewed trip<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which will contain Vyommitra, a spacefaring human robot, will launch at the end of 2022.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Space Debris<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Types of Space debris: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Space debris encompasses both <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/explore-the-minor-planets-part-2-comets-meteoroids-meteorites-and-meteors\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">natural meteoroid <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and artificial (human-made) orbital debris.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Characteristics of Orbital Debris: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meteoroids are in orbit about the sun, while most artificial debris is in orbit about the Earth (hence, the term \u201corbital\u201d debris).<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Orbital debris is any <\/span><b>human-made object<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in orbit about the Earth that no longer serves a useful function.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Such debris includes<\/span><b> non-functional spacecraft<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, abandoned launch vehicle stages, mission-related debris, and fragmentation debris.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are approximately 23,000 pieces of debris larger than a softball orbiting the Earth.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They travel at speeds up to<\/span><b> 17,500 mph<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, fast enough for a relatively small piece of orbital debris to damage a satellite or a spacecraft.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cause of concern for Space debris<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Increasing Debris Concern: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the increasing amount of space debris and the advent of <\/span><b>mega-constellations of thousands of satellites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, there are fears that collisions such as that between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 could <\/span><b>set off a chain reaction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Kessler Syndrome: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This chain reaction is called the Kessler syndrome, in which the resulting <\/span><b>space debris would destroy other satellites and so on<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with <\/span><b>low Earth orbit eventually becoming unusable<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Instances of Misfortune<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>French Satellite Collision (1996): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1996, a French satellite was <\/span><b>hit and damaged by debris<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from a French rocket that had exploded a decade earlier.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Russian-US Spacecraft Collision (2009): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Feb. 10, 2009, a defunct Russian spacecraft collided with and destroyed a functioning <\/span><b>U.S. Iridium commercial spacecraft<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The collision added more than 2,300 pieces of large, trackable debris and many more smaller debris to the inventory of space junk.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>China&#8217;s Anti-Satellite Test (2007): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China\u2019s 2007 <\/span><b>anti-satellite test<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which used a missile to destroy an old weather satellite, added more than 3,500 pieces of large, trackable debris and many more smaller debris to the debris problem.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>IRNSS-Navic [Upsc 2018]<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Overview: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) satellite system is an <\/span><b>autonomous regional navigation satellite system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that provides location data in the Indian area and<\/span><b> 1500 kilometers surrounding the Indian landmass<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Services Provided: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IRNSS would offer two types of services <\/span><b>Standard Positioning Services<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which would be available to all users, and <\/span><b>Restricted Services<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which would only be available to permitted users.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Satellite Configuration: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are seven satellites in all.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Three will be geostationary<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> above the Indian Ocean and <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ground Station Coverage for NavIC: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This setup assures that at any one moment, at least one of <\/span><b>fourteen ground stations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is tracking each satellite, with a good likelihood that most of them will be visible from anywhere in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>GEMINI and Disaster Management<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>GEMINI Device:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Gagan Enabled Mariner\u2019s Instrument for Navigation and Information (GEMINI) device.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GEMINI is a<\/span><b> portable satellite receiver<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> connected to ISRO spacecraft.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because the gadget can send signals up to <\/span><b>300 nautical miles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, fishermen beyond the signal range of their phone providers (i.e. 10-12 km) may also obtain warnings and alarms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Enhancing Satellite-Based Communication: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It will make satellite-based communication easier, which will be especially important in the event of<\/span><b> storms, strong seas, or tsunamis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Collaboration on GAGAN:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and the <\/span><b>Airports Authority of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> collaborated on GAGAN.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0It is India\u2019s first satellite-based global positioning system, relying on the GSAT satellites of ISRO.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Limitations of GAGAN Technology: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The disadvantage of this technology is that it only permits <\/span><b>one-way communication<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which means that fishermen cannot use it to make calls.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9152%; height: 120px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 323.305%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center; height: 30px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Must Read<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.9951%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Current Affairs<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 273.31%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Editorial Analysis<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.9951%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Upsc Notes\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 273.31%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/blogs\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Upsc Blogs\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.9951%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCERT Notes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 273.31%; text-align: center; height: 30px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Free Main Answer Writing<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As<\/span><b> space technology evolves<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, missions like<\/span><b> Gaganyaan <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<\/span><b> Chandrayaan-3<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> demonstrate India&#8217;s commitment to exploring beyond Earth.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Challenges like <\/span><b>space debris<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> highlight the need for responsible space exploration.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Advancements in navigation systems <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>disaster management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tools continue to improve our ability to explore and utilize space effectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.1365%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 121.755%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ff5e00; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Related Articles\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.7247%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/magnetic-field-lines\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magnetic Fields Lines: Magnetic Effect of Electric Current<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 72.03%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/indian-space-sector\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Space Sector<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.7247%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/celestial-bodies-the-solar-system-by-exploring-sun-moon-asteroids-meteoroids-planets\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Celestial Bodies: The Solar System by exploring Sun, Moon, Asteroids, Meteoroids, Planets<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 72.03%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #e9ebe8;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/explore-the-minor-planets-part-2-comets-meteoroids-meteorites-and-meteors\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EXPLORE THE MINOR PLANETS<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","udaan-chapter":[5496],"udaan-subject":[5466],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/udaan\/114559"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/udaan"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/udaan"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=114559"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=114559"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"udaan-chapter","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/udaan-chapter?post=114559"},{"taxonomy":"udaan-subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/udaan-subject?post=114559"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}