Mazagon-Thyssenkrupp JV likely to secure Indian Navy’s Rs 70,000 crore stealth submarine deal after L&T-Navantia bid rejected due to failing to meet the technical requirements of a proven air-independent propulsion (AIP) system.

About AIP technology

• AIP is a technology used in submarines to improve their underwater endurance and reduce noise levels, making them harder to detect. 
  • It allows submarines to operate for longer periods without the need to surface frequently for air.
• Historical Context: Traditional diesel-electric submarines had limited underwater endurance, needing to surface frequently to charge batteries. 
  • The emergence of AIP addressed this issue, significantly enhancing submarine capabilities.
• Origins: The concept of AIP dates back to the early 20th century when the Imperial Russian Navy launched the submarine Pochtovy in 1908, which utilized a gasoline engine fed with compressed air and exhausted underwater.

AIP Technology

• Electricity generation: AIP systems generate electricity to power an electric motor for submarine propulsion or to recharge batteries.
• Auxiliary power source: These systems serve as auxiliary power sources, complementing diesel engines that are primarily used for surface propulsion.
• Retrofitting: AIP systems can be retrofitted into existing submarines by inserting a new hull section designed to house the AIP module.

Advantages of AIP

• Extended Underwater Endurance: AIP allows submarines to remain submerged for significantly longer durations, enhancing operational capabilities.
  • It can provide submarines with up to 21 days of underwater endurance.
• Reduced Noise Levels: AIP systems produce less noise compared to traditional diesel engines, increasing stealth and reducing detection risks.

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Types of AIP Technologies

• Fuel Cells: Fuel cells are the most widely used AIP technology.
  • They generate electricity by converting hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing minimal noise and emissions.
• Stirling Engines: Stirling engines use liquid oxygen and diesel to generate power underwater.
  • They are known for their simplicity and reliability.
• Bio-Ethanol-Based Systems (BEST): These systems use bio-ethanol to produce hydrogen and oxygen for fuel cells.
  • They enhance stealth by eliminating the need for surface snorkel operations.

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