Introduction

Democracy is a system of government in which power and authority thrives on citizen participation. Democracy promotes political and social equality by ensuring that each citizen’s voice is heard and respected.

Meaning of Democracy

• Election-Based Governance: Democracy is a system of governance where leaders are elected through popular participation. 
• Key Distinctions: This characterization enables us to differentiate democracy from governmental systems that do not possess democratic traits. 
• Example: The military rulers in Myanmar were not elected by the public through voting. Instead, those who held authority within the military assumed control over the nation’s leadership, devoid of any input from the people. 

Basic Aspects of Democracy

• Representative Democracy: 
  • Majority Rule: It is the prevailing type (yet smaller communities can directly decide), where the majority’s decisions are executed through elected representatives due to the impracticality of direct governance by all citizens. 
  • Democratic Differentiation: This framework does differentiate democracies from non-democratic systems but doesn’t discern a democracy from a good democracy. 
  • Democratic Constraints: This perspective doesn’t permit us to perceive democracy’s application beyond government, necessitating a broader exploration. 
• Democracy Beyond Government: 
  • Inclusive Decision-Making: Democracy’s essence lies in inclusive decision-making, consulting all stakeholders regardless of their respective power. 
  • Expanding Horizon: This principle extends beyond government to encompass various realms like family or organizations. 
  • Pursuing Democratic Ideals: Imperfect democracies persistently pursue democratic ideals. The test based on ideals of inclusive decision-making shows that no nation fully embodies democracy, yet they remind us of its worth and guide assessing weaknesses.  
    • Thus, democracy represents an aspirational yardstick for all democracies.  
• Citizen Participation: 
  • Democratic Contrasts: This sets democracy apart from systems like monarchy or dictatorship, where political involvement isn’t pivotal.
  • Limited Participation: Non-democratic regimes discourage citizen participation. Conversely, democracy thrives on active citizen engagement. 

Attributes of Democracy

• The concept that democracy involves a government where leaders are chosen by the populace gives rise to numerous inquiries related to citizen participation:

1. Decisions by Elected Leaders:
   The following illustration about Pakistan will make it more clear:
   • Military Coup: In 1999, General Pervez Musharraf’s coup overthrew Pakistan’s elected government, assuming control and later holding a disputed 2002 referendum to extend his presidency. 
   • Resembles Dictatorship: Despite appearances of participation in democracy, power truly resided with Musharraf and the military, not elected representatives, akin to dictatorships. 
   • Constitutional Alteration: The 2002 ‘Legal Framework Order’ altered Pakistan’s constitution, allowing the President to dissolve assemblies. 
   • Erosion of Democracy:While elections occurred, genuine authority rested with Musharraf and military officers, diverging from democratic principles. 
   • Democratic Criterion: This underscores a crucial democratic criterion that ultimate decision-making authority must lie with elected individuals.
2. Free and Fair Electoral Competition:
   • Party-Dominant Elections: In China, the National People’s Congress, comprising 3,000 members, holds elections every five years. 
     • The Congress selects the President, needing Chinese Communist Party approval. Participation requires Communist Party membership, leading to a Communist Party-dominant government. 
   • Historical Influence: Mexico, independent since 1930, conducts every six-year presidential election. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) party held power until 2000, often using government offices and media control to influence voters. 
     • Changes in ballot locations, PRI campaign spending, and limited opposition success raise concerns about genuine choice and meaningful alternatives in Mexico’s elections.
   • Democracy Beyond Elections: Thus, another democratic facet emerges i.e., elections alone are insufficient. 
     • True democracy demands genuine political options and the ability to replace incumbents.
   • Democracy’s Essence: Free and fair elections are essential where the existing rulers stand a real chance of losing power.
3. One Person, One Vote, One Value:
   • Global Recognition: As previously mentioned, the struggle for democracy was intrinsically tied to the call for universal suffrage. 
     • This principle has now gained widespread global recognition. Nevertheless, instances of disenfranchisement remain prevalent.
   • Barriers to Voting Rights: Until 2015, women in Saudi Arabia were barred from voting. 
     • Estonia’s citizenship regulations create challenges for the Russian minority in attaining voting rights. 
     • Fiji’s electoral system assigns varying weights to votes based on ethnicity, favoring indigenous Fijians over Indian-Fijians.
   • Challenges to Political Equality: The third attribute of democracy stems from the fundamental concept of political equality. 
     • Democracy necessitates that every adult citizen possesses one vote, each vote bearing equivalent weight.
4. Rule of Law and Respect for Rights:
   • Zimbabwe’s Post-Independence Rule: Zimbabwe gained independence from white minority rule in 1980, subsequently led by ZANU-PF, the Liberation Movement. Robert Mugabe, its leader, held power through regularly won elections but employed unfair tactics. 
   • Constitutional Changes: The constitution underwent changes augmenting the President’s power and reducing accountability, suppressing opposition activities, and limiting free expression. 
     • Media was state-controlled, judges were pressured, and democratic norms eroded. 
     • Zimbabwe highlights the disparity between popular support and democratic governance. 
   • Scrutinizing Governance: To evaluate democracy, scrutiny of elections, as well as citizens’ rights before and after polls, is essential. 
     • Constitutional limits, minority safeguards, and accountable governance constitute the final democratic facet.

Conclusion:

• In essence, democracy is a governmental form wherein elected rulers make pivotal decisions with elections providing a legitimate chance for people to opt for new leaders.
  • Further, equitable access to this participation choice is granted to all citizens and the resultant governance, shaped by active participation, adheres to constitutional and citizen rights, constraining its participation scope.