Introduction 

The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these. In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, secularism in India is opposed to all forms of institutionalized religious domination and challenges not merely interreligious but also intra-religious domination. 

Concept of Secularism

• Religious Equality: Religious dominance goes beyond just occurring between different religions (Inter-Religion Domination),it can also manifest within a single religion (Intra-Religious Domination). 
• Egalitarian Society: The concept of secularism aims to create a society where there is no domination based on religion. 

Secular State

• Prevent Discrimination: The concept of a secular state focuses on preventing religious discrimination and promoting harmony among different religious communities.
  • To prevent domination by any religious group, the state must not be controlled by the leaders of a particular religion, as seen in theocratic states. 
• Separation of Institutions: The separation of religious and political institutions is essential for peace, freedom, and equality. 
  • However, merely separating religion and state isn’t enough for a secular state.
  • A truly secular state not only avoids theocracy but also avoids formal, legal ties with any religion. 

Indian Secularism

• The Indian Constitution mandates that the Indian State be secular. 
• Objectives: According to the Constitution, only a secular State can realize its objectives to ensure the following: 
  • That one religious community does not dominate another. 
  • That some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.
  • That the State does not enforce any particular religion nor take away the religious freedom of individuals.

Upholding Principles: 

• To uphold these principles, the Indian State employs various strategies.
• Religious Neutrality: The government and public spaces, such as law courts, schools, and offices, are not allowed to promote or display any specific religion. 
• Non-Interference: To respect religious sentiments and practices, the State makes exceptions for specific religious communities. 
  • This means that certain practices that are essential to a particular religion might be allowed, even if they differ from general laws.
• Intervention to Prevent Discrimination: The State intervenes when religious practices lead to discrimination or exclusion within a community. 
  • For instance, untouchability within Hinduism was banned by the Constitution to prevent discrimination against lower-caste members.
• Support for Religious Communities: The Constitution permits religious communities to establish their own educational institutions and provides them with financial assistance on a non-preferential basis.

Differences and Similarities between Indian and Western Secularism

Criticisms of Indian Secularism 

• Anti-Religious: Some argue that Indian secularism is against religion altogether. However, this is a misunderstanding. 
  • Indian secularism aims to counter religious dominance rather than being anti-religious. 
  • It promotes religious freedom and equality, safeguarding religious identities except those that are dogmatic, violent, or promote hatred.
• Western Import: Critics claim that secularism is a Western concept unsuitable for India. This criticism overlooks the fact that many aspects of Western origin are present in India. 
  • However, Indian secularism has its own roots, blending the peaceful coexistence of different religious communities, which makes it a unique adaptation rather than a mere import.
• Minoritism: Some argue that Indian secularism disproportionately favors minority rights. The defense lies in considering fundamental interests. 
  • Minority rights protect significant interests without imposing special privileges.
• Interventionist: Critics claim that Indian secularism interferes excessively with religious freedom. However, Indian secularism maintains “principled distance” without necessarily being coercive. 
  • State-supported religious reforms aim at facilitating positive changes rather than imposing them from above.
• Vote Bank Politics: Critics suggest that secularism encourages vote bank politics. While politicians seeking votes is a democratic norm, the focus should be on whether these actions genuinely benefit the targeted groups. 
  • If secular parties successfully fulfil minority needs without undermining the majority’s interests, this aligns with the goals of secularism.
• Impossible Project: Some argue that secularism is an impossible solution, given deep religious differences. However, history shows successful coexistence in various societies, including India. 
  • Indian secularism also mirrors the future, as global migration and globalization lead other countries to face similar cultural and religious diversities.

Conclusion:

Indian secularism stands as a resilient shield against various forms of religious domination. From constitutional principles to state interventions, the emphasis remains on averting domination within and among religious communities. Leaders like Atatürk and Nehru, while differing, shared a recognition of addressing religious influences to counteract societal domination. Despite criticisms, the ongoing narrative of Indian secularism signifies an ongoing struggle against religious domination, aiming for an egalitarian society that embraces diversity without succumbing to divisive forces.