Introduction: Status, Roles, and the Influence of Social Control

Status and Role are pivotal in understanding the structure, dynamics, and functioning of societies. Status refers to an individual’s recognized position within a social system, while role signifies the expected behavior associated with that position. 

Together, they shape the complex tapestry of social order, offering insights into how individuals navigate their positions, responsibilities, and relationships within the broader context of a community. Social control plays a crucial role in shaping and maintaining these dynamics by regulating behavior and enforcing societal norms.

Status and Social Control in Modern Societies

• Social Status: Rights, Duties, and Prestige in Community Life: Status refers to the social position with defined rights and duties, according to prestige and social esteem.
  • Example: A mother occupies a status, which has some rights as well as certain responsibilities. 
• Status Complexity: Societal Evolution and Individual Roles: Smaller and simpler societies have fewer statuses for an individual in comparison to modern societies.
• Ascribed Status: Birth-Assigned Roles in Traditional Societies: An ascribed status is a social position that a person is assigned at birth. 
  • Examples: Ascribed status are age, caste, race and kinship. 
  • Traditional Indian society was an ascribed status-based society.
• Achieved Status: Personal Triumphs and Modern Prestige: It refers to a social position that a person achieved by personal ability, achievements, virtues and choices.
  • Examples: Educational qualifications, income and profession. 
  • In modern Its members are accorded prestige on the basis of their achievements.
• Status Set in Modern Society: Juggling Multiple Social Positions: In a modern society an individual occupies multiple statuses which is termed a status set.
• Status Sequence: Life’s Progression through Social Roles: Individuals acquire different statuses at various stages of life.
  • A son becomes a father, a grandfather, and then a great grandfather and so on. 
  • This is called a status sequence as different statuses are acquired in succession at various stages of life.

Prestige in Social Positions: Assessing Value and Ranking of Status

• Every status is accorded certain rights and values.
• Values are attached to the social position, rather than to the person who occupies it.
• Value attached to the status or to the office is called prestige. 
• People can rank status in terms of their high or low prestige. 
• Example: The prestige of a doctor may be high in comparison to a shopkeeper, even if the doctor may earn less. 

Interplay of Status, Role, and Social Control

• Status and Role in Sociology: Status and Role in Sociology: Role is the dynamic or the behavioural aspect of status.Role is the dynamic or the behavioural aspect of status.
  • While Status is occupied, roles are played.
• Role Conflict: Role conflict is the incompatibility among roles corresponding to one or more statuses. 
  • It occurs when contrary expectations arise from two or more roles. 
  • Example: A middle-class working woman has to juggle her role as a mother and wife at home and that of a professional at work.
• Role Stereotyping:  and Gender Expectations: Role stereotyping is a process of reinforcing some specific role for some member of society.
  • Example: Men and women are often socialised in stereotypical roles, as breadwinner and homemaker respectively.

Society and Social Control: Restoring Order Through Collective Measures

• Definition: Social control refers to the various means used by a society to bring its recalcitrant or unruly members back into line.

Social Control: Mechanism for Order and Stability

Functionalists’ Perspective on Social Control: Regulating Behavior for Societal Harmony: 

• Mechanism of Social control : It is a mechanism to regulate the behaviour of individuals and groups. 
• Role of Social Control in Enforcing Values and Norms: It helps in enforcing the values, norms and patterns and helps in maintaining order and stability in society. 
• Restraining Deviant Behavior through Social control: It is directed to restrain the deviant behaviour of individuals or groups
• Mitigating Conflict Through Social Control for Order and Cohesion: It also mitigates tensions and conflicts among individuals and groups to maintain social order and social cohesion.

Conflicts in Social Control: Perspectives on Dominance, Stability, and Power

• Social Control: A Tool of Dominant Social Classes: It is a mechanism to impose the social control of dominant social classes on the rest of society. 
• Perceived Stability: The Dynamics of Dominance in Society: In this, stability is seen as the dominance of one section over the other. 
• Law as a Vehicle for Power: Examining the Influence of Dominant Interests: The law is seen as the formal writ of the powerful and their interests in society.
• Power Struggles in Society: Conflict Perspective on Social Control: Thus according to conflicts, the dominant section uses force to regulate the behaviour of individuals and groups and also to enforce values and patterns for maintaining order in society.

What are the different types of Social Control?

• Formal Social Control: Codified Mechanisms for Societal Regulation: When the codified, systematic, and other formal mechanism of control is used, it is known as formal social control. 
• Law and the state are agencies and mechanisms of formal social control.
• Informal Social Control: Unofficial Norm Enforcement through Social Sanctions: In this, norms of society are enforced through informal social sanctions such as smiles, making faces, body language, frowns, criticism, ridicule, laughter etc. 
• These sanctions are personal, unofficial and uncodified. 
• Family, religion, kinship etc. are agencies of informal social control.
• Positive Social Control: Rewarding Good Behavior in Societies: Members of societies are rewarded for good and expected behaviour.
• Negative Social Control:  Enforcing Rules and Restraining Deviance through Social Control: Negative sanctions are used to enforce rules and restrain deviance.

Conclusion

• In this article, various key terms, concepts, classifications, and types are discussed, serving as a tool for understanding social realities.
• They are keys to opening locks to understand society. There is often coexistence of different kinds of definitions or concepts or even just different views about the same social entity. For example conflict theory versus the functionalist theory. 
• This multiplicity of approaches is particularly acute in sociology as the society in which we live is itself diverse.