Role of X Chromosome in Autoimmune Diseases

14 Feb 2024

Context: 

A study in 2023 by University of Oxford showed that 13% of autoimmune diseases occur in women and 7% in men. 

The molecular covering on the X chromosome is made up of RNA and proteins. It’s important for a process called X-chromosome inactivation, which ensures that only one set of X chromosomes is active in every cell of a female’s body, while the other set stays quiet.

Key Findings of the Report

  • High susceptibility of women: Autoimmune disease affects women more than men. 
X chromosome

    • A team of scientists suggests that the presence of a molecular coating on about half of the X chromosomes in women is the reason behind this phenomenon. 
  • Regional Differences: Research identifies socioeconomic, seasonal, and regional differences in autoimmune disorders.
  • Risk Factor: Individuals with one autoimmune disease are at increased risk of developing another.

Autoimmune Disease

About Autoimmune Disease

  • Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly harms the body’s healthy cells. 
    • For Example: Rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and various thyroid disorders.

Why Is Autoimmune Disease More Common in Women?

  • Genetics: Women have two X chromosomes, whereas men have only one. 
    • This difference increases the chance of mutations coming from the X chromosome, which can lead to autoimmune diseases.
  • XIST: The X chromosome has long RNA strands called XIST, which trigger inflammatory responses from the immune system. 
    • XIST is active only in cells with two X chromosomes therefore women are at a higher risk of autoimmune diseases and immune attacks.
    • Howard Chang’s observation of male mice showed that many proteins drawn to XIST also cause the production of autoantibodies, which are a kind of antibody that reacts with the body’s own substances.
  • Hormonal Changes: Autoimmune diseases often appear during big hormonal changes in a woman’s life, like puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. 
    • These changes in hormones greatly affect the immune system. 
      • For example, skin conditions like psoriasis can be influenced by hormones. Since women undergo more hormonal changes than men, they are more likely to have autoimmune diseases.
Also Read: Casgevy And Lyfgenia: CRISPR-Based Gene Therapies

News Source: TheHindu

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