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Introduction:

The Indian struggle for independence was characterized by a spectrum of ideologies and methods employed by its leaders, with Mahatma Gandhi and Bhagat Singh standing out as emblematic figures of this diverse movement. Their philosophical differences and approaches towards achieving freedom from British colonial rule provide a rich tapestry for understanding the multifaceted nature of India’s fight for sovereignty. 

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Ideological Perspectives

Mahatma Gandhi: A Philosophy of Non-violence and Moral Resistance

• Non-violence and Political Activism: Gandhi’s ideology was deeply rooted in Satyagraha, advocating for non-violent resistance and civil disobedience as the most potent tools against colonial oppression. His leadership in movements such as the Salt March and Quit India Movement exemplified his commitment to peaceful protest, seeking to dismantle British rule through moral and ethical superiority​​.
• Vision for Free India: Gandhi envisioned an independent India that emphasized rural development, economic self-sufficiency, and social harmony. He advocated for a society where caste discrimination was eradicated and traditional values were upheld, reflecting his broader philosophical commitments to non-violence and social justice​​.

Bhagat Singh: Revolutionary Activism and Socialist Ideals

• Political Activism and Use of Violence: Contrary to Gandhi’s approach, Bhagat Singh saw armed revolution as a necessary response to British colonialism. Influenced by anarchist and Marxist ideologies, Singh’s activism with the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) underscored his belief in violence as a legitimate means to challenge and overthrow the British rulers​​​​.
• Vision for Free India: Singh’s vision for India was marked by a strong commitment to socialist principles, aiming for a society that eradicated the socio-economic inequalities perpetuated by colonial rule. His ideal India was a republic that ensured equality, social justice, and economic freedom for all its citizens​​.

Diverging Paths to Freedom

Approaches to Non-violence

• Gandhi’s unwavering commitment to ahimsa (non-violence) informed his strategies for resisting British rule, advocating for peaceful protest and constructive engagement. 
• In contrast, Singh critiqued Gandhi’s methods as insufficient in the face of the brutal realities of imperialism, asserting that violence was a necessary tool in the struggle for independence​​.

Political Activism

• While Gandhi’s activism focused on mass mobilization and non-cooperation to erode the moral and economic foundations of British India, Singh’s was characterized by direct actions against colonial symbols and institutions, aiming to inspire a broader revolution against British authority​​​​.

Conclusion:

Mahatma Gandhi and Bhagat Singh represent contrasting yet complementary facets of the Indian independence movement. Gandhi’s emphasis on non-violence and moral resistance offered a path to freedom through peaceful means, seeking to transform society from within. Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary zeal and commitment to socialism highlighted the urgency of overthrowing colonial rule to achieve social and economic justice. Together, their legacies illuminate the diversity of thought and action within the struggle for Indian independence, underscoring the profound impact of their ideologies on shaping the course of India’s history towards freedom. Their differing paths reflect the complex nature of the freedom struggle, showcasing the varied approaches that contributed to India’s eventual liberation from British rule.