​​The Moon’s Formation and Notable Features: A Comprehensive Overview

• Age of the moon and its Formation: When an object the size of Mars collided with Earth, it led to forming  a sizable chunk of rock into space and caused it to orbit our planet, finally creating the moon.
• Size of moon: At an average distance of roughly 239,000 miles (385,000 km), the moon orbits Earth. Its diameter is approximately 2,160 miles (3,475 km), or slightly more than a quarter of the diameter of our planet.
• Features of moon: The Moon is primarily characterised by dark maria (seas), which are plains of cooled magma. 
  • The surface is covered in lunar dust and features include mountains, impact craters etc.

Revised Age of the Moon: Insights from Zircon Crystal Analysis

• Key findings: Earlier, the Moon was believed  to be 4 billion years old, but now, analysis of zircon crystals from the Moon has revealed that the Moon is at least 40 million years older than previously thought.

Advanced Techniques used to estimate the Age of the Moon: Insights from Atom Probe Tomography

• Methods used for study: A powerful microscopy technique known as atom probe tomography, which produces  three-dimensional maps showing the arrangement of atoms within nanoscale volumes of zircon crystal was used in this study. 
  • By employing this method, the scientists were able to determine how old the oldest known lunar crystal was.
• Decay of material: They noticed that a large number of the zircon crystals atoms had decayed radioactively. 
• Atomic sub-structure: When an atom’s nucleus contains protons and neutrons in an unstable configuration, the atom decays. The atom loses some protons and neutrons as a result of this unstable configuration, changing into a different element.

Radiometric dating: it is a method which helped  in their determination of the Moon’s age.

• Computation of Age of the moon: The number of parent atoms and the number of daughter atoms they have transformed into are counted in radiometric dating, and since the transformation time is known, the passage of time can be computed. 
• Estimated Age of the moon: The researchers estimated the age of the sample to be 4.46 billion years based on the proportion of lead isotopes, which implies that the Moon must be that old.

Implications of Revised the Age of the Moon: Impact on Earth’s Habitability and Life Forms

• Significance of findings: The moon’s formation date is significant because it is the only time since then that Earth has been habitable.
• Affect the 24 hour cycle:The Moon is a crucial component of the planetary system that maintains the Earth’s rotational axis, gives rise to the 24 hours of the day, and causes tides. 
• Change in lifeform: Earthly life would appear differently in the absence of the Moon. 

The Moon’s Connection with Earth

Implications of a Moonless Earth: Climate, Tilt, and Life Disruption

• Earth without moon: Experts predict that if the moon disappeared, the Earth’s tilt might rise to 45°. That would mean  the planet Earth would be rotating on its side, much like Uranus. Life on Earth would be significantly impacted by this.
• Impact on Climate: It would cause major changes in the climate.
• Additionally, it would imply that there would be six months of daylight and six months of darkness on each half of the planet. This would have disastrous effects on other facets of life, including agriculture.
• Impact on Gravitational pull:  The moon’s gravitational pull balances Earth’s sway and maintains a steady climate.
• Solar Eclipses: Eclipses would be no more. 

Conclusion:

• The study of the moon and its formation will be a stepping stone in deep space exploration.