SpaDeX Mission: ISRO Successfully Executes Docking of Satellites for Second Time

22 Apr 2025

SpaDeX Mission: ISRO Successfully Executes Docking of Satellites for Second Time

Recently, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully executed the second docking of the two satellites, which are part of the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission.

  • Earlier this year, India became the fourth country after the U.S., Russia and China to conduct the docking experiment.

Satellite Docking

  • It is the process of physically connecting two spacecraft in orbit. It involves bringing them into the same orbit, aligning them precisely, and then attaching them using a docking mechanism.
  • It can be Manual (controlled by astronauts) or Autonomous (using onboard sensors and processors).
  • Satellite undocking is the controlled separation of two spacecraft that were previously docked. 
    • It involves unlocking docking mechanisms and using thrusters to move the spacecraft apart to a safe distance.

About Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission

  • It is a mission by ISRO to develop autonomous docking technology.
  • SPADEX is key to India’s long-term space exploration goals, including manned spaceflight and satellite maintenance.
  • History of Docking
    • The Soviet Union achieved the first successful docking in space in 1967.
    • The United States followed with the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975.
    • Docking technology has evolved significantly since then, becoming more automated and reliable.
  • SPADEX Mission Details
    • ISRO developed and deployed two small satellites for the SpaDeX mission:
      • SDX01 (Chaser): This satellite is designed to actively maneuver and dock with its counterpart.
      • SDX02 (Target): This satellite remains relatively stable and is equipped with the docking port.
    • Each satellite weighs approximately 400 kg and was launched into slightly different orbits to allow for autonomous rendezvous operations.
    • The satellites will carefully align with each other to perform a ‘space handshake’ and connect.
  • Objective:
    • To demonstrate autonomous rendezvous, docking, and undocking between two satellites in low Earth orbit using indigenous technology.
    • To validate the transfer of electric power between docked spacecraft, which is essential for long-duration and cooperative space missions.
    • To test the stability and composite control of the joined spacecraft system after docking, simulating conditions for modular space structures.
    • To support the development of future technologies such as in-space robotics, satellite servicing, payload sharing, and manned mission logistics.

How Does SpaDeX Work?

  • Launch & Deployment: Both satellites launched by one rocket and placed in nearby orbits.
  • Rendezvous Maneuvers: Chaser satellite (SDX01) performs autonomous maneuvers to align with the Target (SDX02).
  • Docking: Satellites approach and connect using docking mechanisms.
  • Post-Docking Operations: Test for system integration, stability, power transfer, and payload operations.
  • Undocking: Satellites undock to continue further experiments individually.

Importance of Docking Technology

  • Docking technology is critical for the assembly and operation of space stations, manned missions, and deep-space exploration
  • It allows spacecraft to connect, enabling crew transfers, resupply missions, orbital repairs, and the construction of modular structures in space. 
  • It also plays a vital role in sample return missions, where payloads collected from celestial bodies need to be transferred between modules.

Implications for India’s Space Program

  • It lays the technical foundation for Gaganyaan, India’s first human spaceflight mission.
  • It is crucial for the future development and operation of an Indian Space Station.
  • The mission strengthens India’s ability to conduct in-orbit servicing, which includes satellite refueling, repair, and life extension.
  • SpaDeX aligns with India’s broader vision of self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in advanced space technologies.

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