NASA astronauts (Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore) are finally returned to Earth aboard a SpaceX capsule recently, wrapping up an unexpectedly prolonged mission that began with Boeing’s failed test flight over nine months ago.

Mission Details

• Launched on June 5, 2024, aboard Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner as part of its first crewed test flight.
• Originally planned as an 8-day mission to the ISS, but technical issues extended their stay to over 9 months.
• Returned to Earth on March 18, 2025, via SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule.

Achievements and Records: Sunita Williams

• Most spacewalks by a female astronaut: Completed 9 spacewalks totaling 62 hours, surpassing previous records.
• Third-longest cumulative time in space by a woman: Spent over 500 days in space across three missions.
• First female commander of the ISS: Served as commander during her extended stay in 2024-2025.
• Longest unscheduled stay in space for NASA astronauts: 286 days, providing valuable data for long-term space habitation studies.

About Boeing’s Starliner

• Boeing’s Starliner is also known as CST-100 (crew space transportation).
• It is a crew capsule designed for space travel.
• It’s partially reusable, meaning it can be used for multiple missions. 
• It consists of two modules:
  • Crew Module: This is where astronauts stay during the journey. 
  • Service Module: This part is like the powerhouse of the spacecraft which provides electricity, propulsion (movement), temperature control, air, and water for the astronauts in space. 
• Boeing’s Starline mission
  • Objective: To test how well Starliner performs in space with astronauts on board.
    • It aims to dock with the ISS a day after launch and stay there for about 10 days before returning to Earth.

Reason for Extended Stay 

• Technical Issues with Boeing Starliner: Helium leaks and thruster malfunctions in the Boeing Starliner spacecraft made it unsafe for return.
  • Five out of 28 thrusters failed, critical for steering and reentry.
• Unplanned Extended Stay: Originally an 8-day mission, extended to 286 days (over 9 months) due to Starliner’s issues.
  • NASA sent Starliner back empty and arranged their return via SpaceX’s Crew Dragon.
• Delay in Replacement Mission: SpaceX Crew-10, their replacement mission, was delayed until March 2025, further extending their stay.
  • NASA prioritized astronaut safety over expediting their return.
• Safety Concerns: NASA prioritized astronaut safety over expediting their return, ensuring that the spacecraft used for their return was fully functional and reliable.

Significance of Prolonged Stay for Space Research

• Health and Physiology Studies: Provided data on long-term effects of microgravity on the human body, such as:
  • Bone density loss and muscle atrophy.
  • Changes in brain fluids and brain structure.
  • Increased risk of heart disease and other health issues.
• Psychological and Behavioral Research: Insights into the mental and emotional challenges of being stranded in space with an uncertain return timeline.
  • Studied the impact of prolonged isolation and confinement on cognitive function and team dynamics.
• Preparation for Deep Space Missions: Findings will aid in preparing for long-term lunar missions and future Mars exploration.
  • Helped develop strategies to mitigate health risks for astronauts on extended spaceflights.
• Unplanned Experiment: Williams and Wilmore’s unplanned stay acted as a natural experiment, offering unique data compared to astronauts who train specifically for long missions.
  • Provided real-world insights into how the human body and mind adapt to unexpectedly prolonged space habitation.
• Advancement of Space Medicine: Contributed to the development of countermeasures for health risks in space, such as:
  • Improved exercise regimens to combat muscle and bone loss.
  • Enhanced nutritional plans and medical protocols.