Option (d) is correct

Explanation:

• The Harappan civilisation is one of the oldest in the world.
• It is said to have thrived along the banks of river Indus from around 5,000 BC to 1,000 BC. 
• While the 2,500-year-long period from 5,000 BC to 2,600 BC is known as the ‘pre-urban’ Harappan phase, between 2,600 BC and 1,900 BC is the ‘urban’ Harappan phase. From there on, the civilisation declines and 1,900 BC to 1,000 BC is considered the ‘post-urban’ Harappan period.
• Desalpar and Khirsara, Kotda Bhadli, Navinal, Janan, Mundra, Moti Chher and Nadapa in Kutch are the well-known Harappan sites in western Kutch. 

Option (d) is correct

Explanation:

• PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development).
• It is the National Assessment Centre, which has been set up as an organisation under the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).
• The mandate of PARAKH is to work on bringing the school Boards across States and Union Territories on a common platform.
• It was launched as part of the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP)-2020 that envisaged a standard-setting body to advise school boards regarding new assessment patterns and latest research, and promote collaborations between them.
• It is also tasked with holding periodic learning outcome tests like the National Achievement Survey (NAS) and State Achievement Surveys.
• It is working on three major assessment areas of large-scale assessments, school-based assessment and examination reforms.

Option (a) is correct

Explanation:

Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC):

• It is a multinational grouping developed in 2014 for cooperation between India and 14 Pacific Islands nations.
• These Pacific Island nations include Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. 
• Summits held till now:
  • 1st Summit-Suva, Fiji
  • 2nd Summit-Jaipur, India
  • 3rd Summit-Papua New Guinea

Option (c) is correct

Explanation:

• INS Sindhuratna (S59) (Jewel of the Sea) is a Sindhughosh-class diesel-electric submarine of the Indian Navy.

• It was commissioned on 22 December 1988.
• INS Sindhuratna is a Russian Type 877EKM diesel-electric submarine also popularly called a NATO-defined Kilo-class sub.
• India has 15 conventional diesel-electric submarines, classified as SSKs, but many of its SSK submarines require mid-life upgradation. The fleet includes seven Kilo-class, four French Scorpene submarines, four German HDW submarines, and the indigenous nuclear ballistic missile submarine INS Arihant. 

Option (b) is correct

Explanation:

Option (b) is correct

Explanation:

• The Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) have created an analytical framework called the National Institute Global Econometric Model (NIGEM).
• In this model, the researchers looked at how GDP growth rate and inflation would be affected under six different policy stances when compared to the baseline (which is the best case scenario involving no impact of climate change).