Ans: B

Exp 

Battle of al-Qādisiyyah: The battle was fought near Al-Ḥīrah (in present-day Iraq) between forces of the Sāsānian dynasty and an invading Arab army. The Arab victory over the army of Yazdegerd III (reigned 632–651 AD) marked the end of his dynasty and the beginning of Arab and Islamic rule in Persia.

Statement 1 is correct: The battle of Al Qadisiya brought the Arab armies to the frontiers of al-Hind. The conquest of India, however, proved to be no walkover for this army. While they had won relatively easy victories in Christian and Zoroastrian lands, they were checkmated in Sind, Kabul and Zabul, three tiny Hindu kingdoms on the north-western frontier of India, for almost four centuries.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The invasions, which culminated in the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in A.D. 1206, fall broadly into four phases, with the first two overlapping to some extent. 

• The first phase covers the Arab attacks on the western coast of India from A.D. 636-712.
• The second includes the Arab and Turkish offensives against the Hindu kingdoms of modern Afghanistan between A.D. 643-870. 
• The third stage, incorporating the Turkish attempts to conquer the Punjab, ends with the death of Mahmud Ghazni.
• Muhammad Ghur’s conquests between A.D.1175-1206 bring to a close the fourth phase. 

Ans: B

Exp:

The Ghaznavid dynasty (977–1186 CE) was a dynasty of Turkic origin. It ruled in Khorāsān (in northeastern Iran), Afghanistan, and northern India.

Subuktigin: He was the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty and a Turkish slave commander and had led a number of expeditions against the frontier outposts of the Hindushahi dynasty. 

Mahmud Ghazni: The son of Subuktigin invaded India seventeen times. As a reward for his services, he received the title Yamin al-Dawla (Right Hand of the State) from the Abbasid Caliph. His dynasty thus also came to be known as the Yaminis.

Mahmud Ghazni first encountered the Hindushahi ruler, Jaipal, in A.D. 1001. This was followed by a more decisive battle in 1008-09 at Waihind near Peshawar. Many Rajput rulers aided the Hindushahis, then led by Jaipal’s son, Anandpal.

Ans: D

Exp:

Shihab al-Din, popularly known as Muhammad Ghori, was the Muslim ruler who laid the foundation for the subsequent Islamic ruling dynasties of India. This saw its pinnacle in the Mughal Empire (1526-1857 CE). Ghori ruled a vast area comprising parts of modern-day Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, India, Tajikistan, Bangladesh, and Turkmenistan, together with his elder brother. This empire was widely came to be known as the Ghurid or Ghorid Empire.

Statement 1 is correct: Muhammad Ghur’s first invasion was directed against Multan, then ruled by the Ismailis, popularly regarded as heretics in the Muslim world. Both Multan and Uch fell in A.D. 1175, and the subjugation of the whole of Sind was completed in 1182 with the annexation of Lower Sindh. 

Statement 1 is correct: Ghori’s invasion of Gujarat ended in a crushing defeat at the hands of the Chalukyan forces in 1178-79, near Mount Abu. He now abandoned plans to conquer India through Sind and Multan, opting instead to proceed through Punjab. A series of invasions finally ended Ghaznavid rule in Punjab and brought Muhammad Ghur into direct confrontation with the valiant Prithviraj Chauhan, who ruled the territory between Delhi and Ajmer.

Ans: B

Exp 

Qutbuddin Aibak, the premier slave of Muhammad Ghori, was responsible for a string of Ghurid conquests. Apart from thwarting an attempt at Chauhan revival by Prithviraj’s brother, Hariraj, Aibak occupied Delhi and defeated the Chalukyas at Mount Abu, thus avenging Muhammad Ghur’s humiliation two decades earlier. Despite the Turkish victory, the Chalukyas retained control of their kingdom till as late as A.D. 1240. Aibak also took advantage of the declining power of the Gahaḍavalas to occupy Meerut, Aligarh, Badaun, and Kannauj. Gwalior surrendered to him, and he took possession of Kalinjar, the Chandella capital, after fierce resistance by the chief minister of the kingdom.

Ans: B

Exp: 

Vikramshila monastery: Dharmapala (R.770−810 AD) founded the Vikramshila monastery near Bhagalpur in Bihar, and like Nalanda university, it also attracted students from all parts of India and from Tibet. Many Sanskrit texts were translated into the Tibetan language at this monastery. 

Nalanda University: Nalanda University was located in southwest of Bihar Sharif in Bihar state. Nalanda’s traditional history dates to the time of the Buddha (6th–5th centuries BCE) and Mahavira. According to a later Tibetan source, Nagarjuna began his studies there. Excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India indicate that the foundation of the monasteries belongs to the Gupta period. The powerful 7th-century ruler of Kanauj (Kannauj), Harshavardhana, is reported to have contributed to them. During his reign, the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang stayed at Nalanda for some time and left a clear account of the subjects studied there and of the general features of the community.

Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji (a general of Muhammad Ghori) conquered Bihar in 1197 CE and Bengal in 1202 CE and destroyed the universities of Nalanda and Vikramshila. Khalji thus became the viceroy of Bengal and Bihar.