Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect:  After Gandhi’s arrest (March 1922), there was disintegration, disorganisation, and demoralisation among nationalist ranks. A debate started among Congressmen on what to do during the transition period, i.e., the passive phase of the movement. One section led by C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, and Ajmal Khan wanted an end to the boycott of legislative councils so that the nationalists could enter them to expose the basic weaknesses of these assemblies and use these councils as an arena of political struggle to arouse popular enthusiasm. They wanted, in other words, to ‘end or mend’ these councils. Those advocating entry into legislative councils came to be known as the ‘Swarajists’.

Statement 2 is correct:  The other school of thought led by C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, and M.A. Ansari came to be known as the ‘No changers’. The ‘No-Changers’ opposed council entry, advocated concentration on constructive work, continuation of boycott and non-cooperation, and quiet preparation for the resumption of the suspended civil disobedience programme. The No-Changers argued that parliamentary work would lead to neglect of constructive work, loss of revolutionary zeal, and political corruption. Constructive work would prepare everyone for the next phase of civil disobedience.

Ans: C

Exp:

Pair 1 is correctly matched: The Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed in 1920 in Tashkent (now the capital of Uzbekistan) by M.N. Roy, Abani Mukherji, and others after the second Congress of Commintern. M.N. Roy was also the first to be elected to the leadership of the Commintern. In 1924, many communists—S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Shaukat Usmani, and Nalini Gupta—were jailed in the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case.

Pair 2 is correctly matched:The trade union movement was led by the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), founded in 1920. Lala Lajpat Rai was its first president, and Dewan Chaman Lal was its general secretary. Tilak was also one of the moving spirits.

Pair 3 is correctly matched: The revolutionary activity in this region was dominated by the Hindustan Republican Association/Army or HRA (later renamed the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, or HSRA). The HRA was founded in October 1924 in Kanpur by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, and Sachin Sanyal with the aim of organising an armed revolution to overthrow the colonial government and establish in its place the Federal Republic of the United States of India, whose basic principle would be an adult franchise.

Ans: D

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: There was a large-scale participation of young women, especially under Surya Sen. These women provided shelter, carried messages, and fought with guns in hand. Prominent women revolutionaries in Bengal during this phase included Pritilata Waddedar, who died conducting a raid; Kalpana Dutt, who was arrested and tried along with Surya Sen and given a life sentence; Santi Ghosh and Suniti Chandheri, school girls of Comilla, who shot dead the district magistrate (December 1931); and Bina Das, who fired point blank at the governor while receiving her degree at the convocation (February 1932).

Statement 2 is incorrect: There was an emphasis on group action aimed at organs of the colonial state instead of individual action. The objective was to set an example for the youth and demoralise the bureaucracy.

Ans: C

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: The ideas of Marxist and socialist thinkers inspired many groups to come into existence as socialists and communists. These ideas also resulted in the rise of a left wing within the Congress, represented by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose. 

Statement 2 is correct: These young nationalists, inspired by the Soviet Revolution and dissatisfied with Gandhian ideas and political programmes, began advocating radical solutions for the economic, political, and social ills of the country. 

These younger nationalists

• were critical of both Swarajists and No-Changers;
• advocated a more consistent anti-imperialist line in the form of a slogan for purna swarajya (complete independence);
• were influenced by an awareness, though still vague, of international currents;
• stressed the need to combine nationalism and anti-imperialism with social justice and simultaneously raised the question of internal class oppression by capitalists and landlords.

Ans: D

Exp:

The Hindustan Republic Association (HRA) was formed in 1924 in the context of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. It was a revolutionary organization founded by a group of young freedom fighters with the goal of achieving complete independence for India through armed struggle. Notable leaders and members of the HRA included Chandrasekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, and others. They were inspired by revolutionary ideals and sought to bring about a radical change in the Indian political landscape.

The Communist Party of India (CPI) was founded on December 26, 1925. The formation of the CPI was the result of a split within the Communist movement in India. The split led to the establishment of two separate Communist parties: the CPI and the Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPI (M). The CPI was founded by a group of Indian communists, some of whom had affiliations with the British colonial administration and others who had a more nationalist orientation. Notable figures in the early years of the CPI included M.N. Roy and S.A. Dange.

The Naujawan Bharat Sabha (Youth Society of India) was a revolutionary organisation formed in 1926 during the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. it was founded by Bhagat Singh, along with other prominent revolutionaries and leaders of the time.