Ans: B

Exp:

Diastrophism: also called tectonism, large-scale deformation of Earth’s crust by natural processes, which leads to the formation of continents and ocean basins, mountain systems, plateaus, rift valleys, and other features by mechanisms such as lithospheric plate movement (that is, plate tectonics), volcanic loading, or folding etc. The Orogenic process involves mountain building through severe folding and faulting and the Epeirogenic process involves the uplift or warping of a large part of the earth’s crust.

Ans: B

Exp:   

Denudation is a broad term that encompasses all exogenic processes (weathering and erosion). It is determined by the physical (folds, faults, orientation and inclination of beds, presence or absence of joints, bedding planes, hardness or softness of constituent minerals, permeability) and chemical properties of the rocks.

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The process of soil formation is known as Pedogenesis or Soil Genesis.  ( Petrogenesis is the process of rock formation.)

Statement 2 is correct: Bacteria, mosses, and lichens are essential components of the soil ecosystem and play significant roles in the process of soil formation, particularly during the early stages of soil development.

• Bacteria: They are involved in various processes like decomposition, nutrient cycling,  soil aggregation,  etc.

• Mosses: They are simple, non-vascular plants that can colonise bare or disturbed soil surfaces, particularly in cool and moist environments. They contribute to soil formation through Erosion Control, Organic Matter Accumulation, and Nutrient Retention. etc

• Lichens: Lichens are unique organisms formed through a symbiotic association between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They are involved in various processes like physical weathering, organic matter addition, and biological weathering. etc.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The process of soil formation primarily involves the weathering process. But it is not the only process that contributes to soil formation, other factors that contribute to the process of soil formation are Parent material, Topography, climate, biological activity, and time.

Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Well-integrated flow with numerous tributaries and well developed floodplains are the features of the OLD stage of the river. 

Statement 2 is correct: Waterfalls and rapids are the main features of rivers in their youthful stages, where local hard rock bodies are exposed.

Statement 3 is correct: The Himalayan region’s young rivers are often dynamic and play a significant role in shaping the landscape. They erode and transport vast amounts of sediment, creating impressive gorges, canyons, and valleys as they flow through the rugged terrain.

Reference: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?kegy2=6-14 Page no. 48

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: A gorge and a canyon are both geological landforms associated with the erosional features of rivers with deep valleys, but they have some distinguishing characteristics. A gorge is a deep valley with very steep to straight sides, and the canyon is characterised by steep step-like side slopes.

Statement 2 is incorrect:  A gorge is almost equal in width at its top as well as its bottom. In contrast, a canyon is wider at its top than at its bottom. 

Reference: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?kegy2=6-14 Page no. 48