Ans: C

Exp: 

In line with the government policy contained in Montagu’s statement of August 1917, the government announced further constitutional reforms in July 1918, known as Montagu-Chelmsford or Montford Reforms. Based on these, the Government of India Act, 1919 was enacted.

Statement 1 is correct: The main features of the Montford Reforms includes Introduction of

Dyarchy at executive level of Provincial Government. Dyarchy, i.e., rule of two—executive councillors and popular ministers.The governor was to be the executive head in the province.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The ministers were to be responsible to the legislature at provincial level  and had to resign if a no-confidence motion was passed against them by the legislature, while the executive councillors were not to be responsible to the legislature.

Statement 3 is correct:  Subjects were divided into two lists: ‘reserved’ which included subjects such as law and order, finance, land revenue, irrigation, etc., and ‘transferred’ subjects such as education, health, local government, industry, agriculture, excise, etc. The reserved subjects were to be administered by the governor through his executive council of bureaucrats, and the transferred subjects were to be administered by ministers nominated from among the elected members of the legislative council,this leads to devolution of legislative authority by the center to the provinces.

Ans: B

Exp: 

The Government of India Act, 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, was a significant piece of legislation that laid the foundation for constitutional reforms in British India. There are the key provisions and features of the Government of India Act, 1919 with respect to Government at Central level.

• • Central Government–No responsible government was envisaged in the act for the government at the all-India level. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
  • The governor general was to be the chief executive authority.
  • There were to be two lists for administration— central and provincial.
  • In the viceroy’s executive council of eight, three were to be Indians.

• The governor general retained full control over the reserved subjects in the provinces.Hence statement 2 is correct.

• The governor-general could restore cuts in grants, certify bills rejected by the central legislature, and issue ordinances.

Ans: C

Exp: 

During Moderate Phase of Struggle (1894–1906), Gandhi relied on sending petitions and memorials to the authorities in South Africa and in Britain, hoping that once the authorities were informed of the plight of Indians, they would take sincere steps to redress their grievances as the Indians were, after all, British subjects. To unite different sections of Indians, he set up the Natal Indian Congress and started a paper Indian Opinion. It was first published on June 4, 1903, and served as a platform for Gandhi to express his views on various issues, including civil rights, human rights, and social justice. The newspaper played a significant role in Gandhi’s early activism and his development as a leader of nonviolent resistance.

Ans: A

Exp: 

Pair 1 is incorrect: In Champaran district of Bihar,The European planters had been forcing the peasants to grow indigo on 3/20 part of the total land (called tinkathia system). When Gandhi  was joined the movement with lrades like  by Rajendra Prasad, Mazharul- Haq, Mahadev Desai, Narhari Parekh, and J.B. Kripalani, reached Champaran to probe into the matter, the authorities ordered him to leave the area at once. Gandhi defied the order and preferred to face the punishment. This passive resistance or civil disobedience of an unjust order was a novel method at that time. Finally, the authorities retreated and permitted Gandhi to make an enquiry.Gandhi was able to convince the authorities that the tinkathia system should be abolished and that the peasants should be compensated for the illegal dues extracted from them. As a compromise with the planters, he agreed that only 25 per cent of the money taken should be compensated.

Pair 2 is incorrect: In March 1918, Gandhi intervened in a dispute between cotton mill owners of Ahmedabad and the workers over the issue of discontinuation of the plague bonus. he took up the workers’ cause. Anusuya sarabhai too supported the workers and was one of the chief.Gandhi advised the workers to remain non-violent while on strike. When negotiations with mill owners did not progress, he himself undertook a fast unto death (his first) to strengthen the workers’ resolve. But the fast also had the effect of putting pressure on the mill owners who finally agreed to submit the issue to a tribunal. The strike was withdrawn. In the end, the tribunal awarded the workers a 35 per cent wage hike.

Pair 3 is correct: Kheda was a district in Gujarat, India, where farmers were facing a severe crop failure due to floods and a plague epidemic. The farmers were already struggling with high taxes imposed by the British colonial administration. The government, however, remained adamant and said that the property of the farmers would be seized if the taxes were not paid. Gandhi asked the farmers not to pay the taxes. Gandhi, however, was mainly the spiritual head of the struggle.Sardar Patel, along with his colleagues, organised the tax revolt which the different ethnic and caste communities of Kheda supported. It was the first  Non-Cooperation movement which ultimately led to an agreement  between the government and farmers. It agreed to suspend the tax for the year in question, and for the next; reduce the increase in rate; and return all the confiscated property.

Ans: B

Exp: 

The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British colonial government in India in March 1919. It aimed to give the British authorities sweeping powers to arrest and detain individuals without trial, primarily to suppress political dissent and curb the activities of those involved in India’s struggle for independence. 

The act allowed political activists to be tried without juries or even imprisoned without trial. It allowed the arrest of Indians without a warrant on the mere suspicion of ‘treason’. Such suspects could be tried in secrecy without recourse to legal help. A special cell consisting of three high court judges was to try such suspects, and there was no court of appeal above that panel. This panel could even accept evidence not acceptable under the Indian Evidence Act. The law of habeas corpus, the basis of civil liberty, was sought to be suspended.