Ans: A

Exp:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Secularism is one of the basic features of the Constitution. The term ‘Secular’ was added to the preamble by the forty-second constitution Amendment Act of 1976 (not 44th constitutional amendment act).As per the Indian Constitution, India is a secular country which has no State religion.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: The Indian Constitution reflects a Positive concept of Secularism. The Indian constitution has more power than any religion in the country and the State acts as an enabler in the religious freedoms of all communities.
• Statement 3 is correct: The Secular State does not have to treat every aspect of every religion with equal respect. It allows equal disrespect for some aspects of organised religions.

Ans: B

Exp: 

Statement 1 is incorrect:  Adivasis – the term literally means ‘original inhabitants’ – are communities who lived, and often continue to live, in close association with forests. Around 8 per cent of India’s population is Adivasi and many of India’s most important mining and industrial centres are located in Adivasi areas – Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro and Bhilai among others. 

Statement 2 is incorrect: Adivasis practise a range of tribal religions that are different from Islam, Hinduism and Christianity. These often involve the worship of ancestors, village and nature spirits, the last associated with and residing in various sites in the landscape – ‘mountain-spirits’, ‘river-spirits’, ‘animal-spirits’, etc.

Statement 3 is correct: Adivasis have their own languages (most of them radically different from and possibly as old as Sanskrit), which have often deeply influenced the formation of ‘mainstream’ Indian languages, like Bengali. Santhali has the largest number of speakers and has a significant body of publications including magazines on the internet. 

 Ans: C

Exp:

• Affirmative action: Banks offer higher rates of interest to senior citizens because senior citizens have contributed to the development and service of society throughout their age. Their age increases but their income decreases due to medical needs and social needs.
• Equality of opportunity: Every child should get free education because every child should get an equal opportunity to get education, i.e. no one should be discriminated against on any ground. This type of inequality is against the principle of equality.
• Equal Rights: Every adult citizen has a right to vote. This principle is based on one person one vote one value, i.e. every adult citizen enjoys the right to vote. No citizen should be discriminated against on any ground to be exempt from enjoying the right to vote.

Ans: C

Exp:

Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. Usually, a federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire country, which is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest. The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administration of their state. Both levels of government enjoy their power independently of each other. The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote the unity of the country, while at the same time accommodating regional diversity. Therefore, two aspects are crucial for the institutions and practice of federalism. Governments at different levels should agree to some rules of power-sharing. They should also trust that each will abide by its part of the agreement. An ideal federal system has both aspects: mutual trust and an agreement to live together.

Ans: B

Exp:

Democracy is not a magical solution for all the problems. It has not ended poverty in our country or in other parts of the world. Democracy as a form of government only ensures that people take their own decisions. This does not guarantee that their decisions will be good. People can make mistakes. 

Some disadvantages of Democracy are: 

• • Leaders keep changing in a democracy. This leads to instability. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
  • Democracy is all about political competition and power plays. There is no scope for morality. 
  • Democracy leads to corruption because it is based on electoral competition. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
  • So many people have to be consulted in a democracy that it leads to delays. 
  • Elected leaders do not know the best interests of the people. It leads to bad decisions.

• Ordinary people don’t know what is good for them; they should not decide anything.
• Promoting equality is one of the benefits of democracy, not a disadvantage. Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect.