Ans: C

Exp:

• Option C is correct: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution outlines the ideals and objectives of the Constitution. It emphasizes the importance of securing justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity while maintaining individual dignity and promoting the unity and integrity of the nation. These represent both the social and individual aspects of human rights.

Ans: C

Exp: 

• Statement 1 is correct: . Indian Secularism deals not only with religious freedom of individuals but also with religious freedom of minority communities. Within it, an individual has the right to profess the religion of his or her choice. Likewise, religious minorities also have a right to exist and to maintain their own culture and educational institutions.
• Statement 2 is correct: Indian secularism has made room for and is compatible with the idea of state-supported religious reform. Thus, the Indian constitution bans untouchability. The Indian state has enacted several laws abolishing child marriage and lifting the taboo on inter-caste marriage sanctioned by Hinduism.

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The First Past the Post (FPTP) system (Not Proportional Representation) offers voters a choice not only between parties but also between specific candidates. 

Statement 2 is incorrect: More than one representative may be elected from one constituency in the Proportional Representation system (not in the FPTP). In the First Past the Post System, every constituency elects one representative.

Statement 3 is correct: In the Proportional Representation system, the entire country may be a single constituency. Example- In some countries, like Israel or Netherlands, the entire country is treated as one constituency and seats are allocated to each party according to its share of votes in the national election.

Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: Adult franchise ensures that all citizens are able to participate in the process of selecting their representative. This is consistent with the principle of equality and non-discrimination. Our Constitution makers had a firm belief in the ability and worth of all adult citizens as equals in the matter of deciding what is good for the society, the country and for their own constituencies. 

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Right to Vote is a Constitutional Right in India (not Fundamental Right). The right to vote in the Constitution of India is guaranteed under Article 326.

Statement 3 is incorrect: S.R. Bommai vs Union of India is a landmark Supreme Court decision on the basic structure of the Constitution and the misuse of Article 356 (President’s Rule). Whereas, The 61st Amendment Act, 1989 of the Indian Constitution reduced the voting age for elections from 21 to 18 years. 

 Ans: C

 Exp:

The Constitution is a sacred document and it is an instrument that may require changes from time to time. It is transformative in nature. Constitution accepts the necessity of modifications according to changing needs of the society. In the actual working of the Constitution, there has been enough flexibility of interpretations. Since it was first enacted in 1950, there have been 105 amendments to the Constitution of India. All living documents evolve through debates, arguments, competition and practical politics.