Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The Rajya Sabha consists of not more than 250 members – 238 members representing both the States and Union Territories and 12 members nominated by the President. Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is not subject to dissolution. 

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Rajya Sabha is not directly elected by the people of India. It is an indirectly elected body. The members of the Rajya Sabha serve a six-year term, and one-third of its members retire every two years.

Statement 3 is correct: The voters of a state elect members of the State Legislative Assembly. The elected members of the State Legislative Assembly in turn elect the members of the Rajya Sabha.

Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Positive liberty means the capacity to act in such a way as to take control of one’s life and realise one’s potential.  It  means the capacity to act on one’s own will and pursue one’s own goals. The arguments for positive liberty are concerned with explaining the idea of ‘freedom to’. whereas Negative liberty means freedom from obstacles, barriers, or constraints that limit one’s actions. It seeks to define and defend an area in which the individual would be inviolable, in which he or she could ‘do, be, or become’ whatever he or she wished to ‘do, be, or become’. This is an area in which no external authority can interfere. It is concerned with explaining the idea of ‘freedom from’.

Statement 2 is correct: Positive Liberty is concerned with looking at the conditions and nature of the relationship between the individual and society and improving these conditions so that there are fewer constraints to the development of the individual’s personality. The individual must get the benefit of enabling positive conditions to develop his or her capability in material, political, and social domains.

Ans: C

Exp:

Major Landmarks in the Development of Human Rights – 

• 1215 Magna Carta: This document guarantees Barons their ancient rights i.e. All free men have the right to justice and a fair trial with a jury, All free citizens can own and inherit property etc.

• 1776 American Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights
• 1787 Constitution of the United States 
• 1789 French Declaration of the Rights of man
• 1946 UN Commission on Human Rights 
• 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights: In 1946, the UN Commission on Human Rights was established and in less than two years it had drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which was adopted by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in 1948.
• 1949 Geneva Conventions: This Convention represents the fourth updated version of the Geneva Convention on the wounded and sick, following those adopted in 1864, 1906 and 1929. 
• 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 
• 1961 European Social Charter
• 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted at the World Conference on Human Rights.

The WTO’s main purpose is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible. It operates through various agreements negotiated and signed by its member countries. 

Ans: C

Exp:

The Lok Sabha is directly elected by the people. For the purpose of elections, the entire country (State, in the case of the State Legislative Assembly) is divided into territorial constituencies of roughly equal population. One representative is elected from each constituency through universal adult suffrage, where the value of the vote of every individual would be equal. At present, there are 543 constituencies. This number has not changed since the 1971 census. The Lok Sabha is elected for a maximum period of five years. Before the completion of five years, the Lok Sabha can be dissolved if no party or coalition can form the government or if the Prime Minister advises the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha and hold fresh elections. 

Ans: C

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: The differences in people’s capabilities and talents are inherent characteristics that can lead to varying levels of achievement and success. Hence, natural inequalities are those that emerge between people as a result of their different capabilities and talents.  It is generally assumed that natural differences cannot be altered

Statement 2 is correct: Unequal Opportunities arise When certain groups or individuals are systematically denied access to resources, education, healthcare, jobs, and other essential aspects of life.  and Exploitation occurs when one group benefits unfairly from the labour, resources, or contributions of another group.  Hence, Social inequalities emerge as a consequence of inequalities of opportunity or the exploitation of some groups in a society by others.