Context:

India’s economic growth has been accompanied by a persistent issue – jobless growth.  

The Job Creation Debate:

• Job creation: Proponents argue that subsidies injected into key sectors can stimulate economic growth, leading to increased job opportunities.
• Critics contend: Excessive subsidies can distort markets, leading to inefficiencies and hampering job creation in sectors without subsidies.
• Sector-Specific Impact: The impact of subsidies and safety nets varies by sector.
  • Safety nets may be crucial in industries with seasonal or cyclical employment patterns, providing stability during downturns.

Electoral Promises and Populism:

• Politicians’ Electoral Strategies: During elections, politicians often make promises of subsidies and safety nets as a quick fix to address public concerns.
• Promises like cheaper gas cylinders and farm loan waivers are common electoral strategies.
  • While these measures may appear populist and short-term, they resonate with voters seeking immediate relief.
• However Populist policies are not always the primary cause of fiscal distress, states like Haryana, which adhere to fiscal discipline, can grapple with high unemployment.
• Therefore Policymakers need to look beyond superficial populist measures to tackle the core issue of unemployment.

Unemployment as a Systemic Issue:

• The Systemic Problem: Unemployment, especially among educated youth, is a systemic issue in India.
• Unequal Impact: Economic growth doesn’t always lead to job creation for all segments of society, leaving marginalised sections behind.
• Role of Populist Measures: Populist measures may sometimes be a necessary tool to include those often left out of economic progress.

Economics’ Role in the Issue:

• Need for Structural Solutions: Addressing unemployment requires structural solutions, but economists often struggle to provide them.
  • Renewable Energy Subsidies have led to job creation in fields like solar and wind energy. Thereby promoting sustainable job growth while addressing environmental concerns.
• A Global Challenge: It’s important to recognize that jobless growth is not unique to India but a global challenge.

Agriculture and Supply Chain Vulnerabilities:

• Short-Term Solutions: Farm loan waivers and Agricultural subsidies may not address the root causes of these issues.They can provide financial security but may not necessarily drive innovation or job diversification.
• Technological Solutions: It can transform agricultural output into higher-value products.
• Case study: Rising tomato prices without guarantees for farmers reveal the need for more holistic interventions.
  • Processing excess tomato produce into purees is an example of such an intervention.

Way Forward:

• Balancing Safety Nets and Inflation:
  • Balancing the need for safety nets with the risk of inflation is a delicate task.
  • Policymakers must find a middle ground to ensure that promises, like the Old Pension Scheme (OPS), do not lead to unmanageable inflationary pressures. 
• Efficient Use of Fiscal Expenditure: Putting money in people’s hands can stimulate consumption However, simply focusing on GDP growth may not be sufficient to address poverty reduction effectively.
• Prioritising Sectors with High Employment Growth:
  • Structural changes and energy transitions are reshaping employment patterns.
  • Investing in mining for energy transition, including minerals like lithium, sodium, and potassium, can have a substantial employment impact.
  • Governments should encourage and provide subsidies to sectors such as textiles, food processing, and apparel to foster job creation.

Conclusion:

The relationship between subsidies, safety nets, and job creation is intricate, and influenced by economic, sector-specific, and temporal factors. Rather than relying solely on subsidies, we should focus on empowering individuals and industries with the knowledge and tools to thrive independently.

Instead of giving a person a fish every day, teach them how to fish for a lifetime- Chinese proverb.

News Source: The Hindu