Answer

Education is a fundamental enabler of economic mobility, yet India’s system struggles with systemic inefficiencies. The World Bank (2023) highlights that over 50% of Indian students face learning poverty, unable to read basic texts by age 10. Frequent curriculum changes, teacher shortages, and regulatory lapses further exacerbate disparities, leaving students to bear institutional failures.

Systemic Flaws in India’s Education System

• Inadequate Public Funding: The education sector receives insufficient budget allocations, affecting infrastructure, teacher quality, and learning outcomes.
  For example: Education spending is only 2.9% of GDP, much lower than the 6% recommended by the Kothari Commission.
• Poor Teacher Training: Lack of pedagogical training leads to ineffective teaching methods and learning gaps among students.
  For example: The CABE report recommended recommended CCE-based teacher training, focusing on the “No-Detention” provision of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE) 2009
• Rigid Curriculum and Assessment: The one-size-fits-all syllabus ignores diverse learning needs, affecting comprehension and retention.
  For example: Rural students struggle with rote learning, leading to poor performance in national assessments like ASER reports.
• Neglect of Socio-Economic Barriers: Poverty, gender biases, and regional disparities prevent inclusive education.
  For example: Girls from rural areas face a higher risk of dropout, often due to early marriage and household duties.

Consequences of Institutional Failures on Students

• Increased Dropout Rates: Systemic deficiencies force vulnerable students out of school, reinforcing social inequalities.
  For example: UDISE+ data (2023-24) shows dropout rates remain high at 5.2% in the middle school, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities.
• Psychological Stress and Stigmatization: Fear of failure, detention, and bullying create mental health issues in students.
• Widening Learning Gaps: Lack of remedial support results in foundational knowledge gaps, reducing career prospects.
  For example: ASER 2024 revealed that only 50% of Class 5 students in rural India could read a Class 2-level text.
• Limited Skill Development: Rigid academic structures fail to equip students with real-world competencies.
  For example: Vocational training remains underdeveloped, leaving many students ill-prepared for employment or entrepreneurship.
• Higher Risk of Child Labor: Education failures push children into unskilled labor, reducing social mobility.
  For example: Child labor rates rise as children from poor backgrounds opt for work over repeated schooling.

Impact on Students’ Academic and Professional Futures

• Reduced Higher Education Access: Weak foundational learning discourages students from pursuing higher studies.
  For example: Gross Enrollment Ratio in higher education is only 27.1%, far below global standards.
• Lower Employment Opportunities: Poor education quality limits access to high-paying jobs.
  For example: Unemployment among youth with degrees is high, as many lack employable skills.
• Persistent Social Inequality: Education disparities deepen the wealth and caste divide in India.
  For example: Marginalized communities have significantly lower literacy rates, reinforcing economic backwardness.
• Brain Drain and Migration: Lack of quality education forces talented students to seek opportunities abroad.
• Diminished National Competitiveness: An unskilled workforce hampers innovation and economic progress.
  For example: India lags behind China in STEM research, affecting global economic positioning.

Policy Reforms for Fair Examination and Evaluation

• Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE): Replace high-stakes exams with skill-based assessments.
  For example: CCE ensures holistic evaluation, reducing the pressure of final examinations.
• Strengthening Remedial Education: Implement bridge courses for weaker students. Targeted interventions like these can  improve learning outcomes for disadvantaged students.
• Improved Teacher Training: Make pedagogical training mandatory in B.Ed. programs.
  For example: Regular teacher workshops enhance classroom engagement and teaching quality.
• Personalized Learning Models: Adopt technology-driven adaptive learning to cater to diverse student needs.
  For example: AI-based EdTech platforms like DIKSHA provide customized learning resources
  

India’s education system must shift from being a filtering mechanism to an enabling force. Transparent evaluation, robust grievance redressal, and tech-driven reforms are crucial. Strengthening NEP 2020, AI-based assessments, and decentralized oversight will ensure fairness, reduce student anxiety, and align education with future-ready skills, fostering an equitable and resilient academic ecosystem.