Answer

Delhi is often ranked as one of the most polluted cities globally, facing severe air quality deterioration despite technological advancements and policy interventions. In November 2024, the Air Quality Index (AQI) surpassed critical levels, reaching as high as 500 in certain areas, far exceeding the “severe” threshold of 400.This alarming situation underscores the urgent need for effective, long-term solutions to combat the city’s escalating pollution crisis.

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Factors Contributing to Delhi’s Persistent Air Pollution Crisis

• Vehicular Emissions: Rapid urbanisation and the growing number of private vehicles contribute significantly to particulate matter emissions.
  For example: SAFAR index shows vehicles are the primary polluters, contributing around 40 per cent of PM2.5 emissions and a staggering 81 per cent of nitrogen oxides (NOx). (TERI)
• Industrial Pollution: Industries in and around Delhi release toxic gases due to outdated technology and lack of proper emission controls.
  For example: NGT has directed closure of all brick kilns including those with zigzag technology based on a carrying capacity report submitted by the CPCB
• Stubble Burning: Seasonal burning of crop residues in Punjab and Haryana releases high volumes of smoke and particulate matter into Delhi’s air.
• Construction Dust: Ongoing construction projects across the NCR generate large amounts of dust due to inadequate control measures.
  For instance: Construction of highways and metro lines has led to spikes in PM10 levels during project execution.
• Geographical Factors: Delhi’s location in the Indo-Gangetic plain and low wind speeds during winter trap pollutants, forming a dense smog layer.

Preventive Measures to Address Delhi’s Air Pollution

• Promoting Cleaner Fuels: Shifting to cleaner fuels like CNG, electric vehicles, and hydrogen can significantly reduce vehicular emissions.
  For instance: Under Delhi’s Electric Vehicle Policy, all delivery service providers must transition 50% of their fleet to electric vehicles by 2023 and 100% by 2025.
• Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Encouraging farmers to adopt bio-decomposers and no-burn technologies can reduce stubble burning.
  For example: Saguna rice technique in Maharashtra to reduce stubble burning.
• Strengthening Public Transport: Enhancing the public transport system can reduce reliance on private vehicles, curbing emissions.
  For instance: Expansion of Delhi Metro Phase IV aims to improve connectivity and reduce traffic-related pollution.
• Crop Residue management: Application of biodecomposers like the one developed by PUSA is one of the vital in-situ stubble management options. 
• Stringent Construction Regulations: Mandating the use of dust suppressants like water sprinkling and anti-smog guns at construction sites.
  For instance: During the winter of 2021, the  Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM initiated a series of emergency measures, banning construction, enforcing intense dust control measures
• Urban Afforestation: Expanding green spaces and planting trees along roads can act as natural air purifiers.
  For example: Nagar Van scheme is an opportunity for greening in the NCR sub-regions. 

Curative Measures to Address Delhi’s Air Pollution

• Deploying Anti-Smog Towers: Installing smog towers in critical areas can help reduce pollutant levels locally.
  For example: The smog tower at Connaught Place has shown localised improvements in air quality during peak pollution periods.
• Real-Time Pollution Monitoring: Advanced monitoring tools like IoT sensors can provide accurate data for targeted interventions.
  For example: The SAFAR system tracks real-time air quality levels to guide policy actions.
• Waste Management Reforms: Strict enforcement against waste burning and efficient solid waste management can prevent air pollution.
• Collaborative Governance: Coordinated efforts among neighbouring states can address shared pollution sources like stubble burning and industrial emissions.
  For example: The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) promotes inter-state cooperation for addressing Delhi’s air quality crisis.
• Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public on eco-friendly practices, such as reducing vehicular idling, can significantly impact pollution levels.
  For example: Campaigns like “Red Light On, Gaadi Off” encourage behavioural change to reduce emissions.

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Delhi’s air pollution demands an integrated response involving innovative technology, policy enforcement, and public cooperation. Adopting global practices, such as Beijing’s air quality management reforms, and aligning with national goals like India’s National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) can help ensure a cleaner and healthier future for Delhi.